Musculoskeletal I

Front 1

% of axial load carried by facet joints; in persons w/degenerative discs

Back 1

20-25%; 70%

Front 2

% of torsional and shear strength provided by facets

Back 2

40%

Front 3

Closed packed position (lumbar spine); open pakced position

Back 3

extension; midway between flex./ext.

Front 4

total length of vertebral column made up by disc

Back 4

20-25%

Front 5

how much of the nucleus pulposus is made of water

Back 5

85-90%

Front 6

when do degenerative chages begin to occur and what level does water content drop too

Back 6

second decade of life; 65% (nucleus begins to resemble the annulus)

Front 7

What are schmorl's nodules?

Back 7

caused by excessive pressure through cartilaginous end plate herniating the nucleus into the vertebral body

Front 8

three main lumbar fascial systems

Back 8

thoracolumbar, abdominal, fascia lata

Front 9

muscles associated w/ thoracolumbar fascia

Back 9

pull - latissimus dorsi, transverse abdominus, internal oblique, gluteus maximus; push - superficial and deep erector spinae, multifidi

Front 10

muscles associated w/ abdominal fascia

Back 10

pull - transverse abdominus, internal and external obliques, pec major, serratus anterior; push - rectus abdominus

Front 11

muscles associated w/ fascia lata

Back 11

pull - gluteus maximus, TFL; push - quadriceps, hamstrings, abductors

Front 12

what structures around the spine are innervated?

Back 12

peripheral posterior and lateral aspect of annulus fibrosus, anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament, vertebral body, lumbar nerve roots, facet joint cartilage

Front 13

Fryette's Law I

Back 13

thoracic and lumbar spine, when in neutral, sidebending and rotation occur in the opposite direction

Front 14

Fryette's Law II

Back 14

thoracic and lumbar spine in full flex. or ext. (locked facets) side bending and rotation occur in same direction; this is always true in the cervical spine

Front 15

Fryette's Law III

Back 15

cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine as motion is introduced in one plane motion in other planes is reduced

Front 16

3 core stabilizing systems

Back 16

passive, active, and neural

Front 17

Passive contribution to stability

Back 17

not enough stability near neutral, provide reactive forces @ end range motions, in neutral it functions as transducers, measure of joint position and motion

Front 18

active musculoskeletal subsystem contribution

Back 18

provide force for movement and stability, transducers in muscle measure force production

Front 19

neural control subsystem

Back 19

"central processor", analyzes information and leads to stability or movement goal achievement via the active subsystem

Front 20

enhancing the stabilizing system through the passive subsystem

Back 20

ensure proper system balance to increase system balance

Front 21

enhancing the stabilizing system through the active subsystem

Back 21

increase muscle strength (decrease risk of LBP), obtain adequate muscle flexibility to facilitate better core stability

Front 22

enhancing the stabilizing system through the neural subsystem

Back 22

trunk muscle contraction is altered and there is an increase in recruitment time in pt's w/ LBP, LBP and spinal stenosis increase body sway when pt is on unbalanced surface w/ eyes closed

Front 23

adequate core stability allows what?

Back 23

"proximal stability for distal mobility", significant force production for task performance, obtimal shock absorption and weight transference

Front 24

what comes from inadequate core stability?

Back 24

inefficient structure and function, serial distortion, decreased performance and predisposition to injury

Front 25

Articular surface on the lateral sacral surface

Back 25

contained in first three segments, short arm in vertical plane, long arm in a/p plane

Front 26

main 7 connective tissues associated with SI joint

Back 26

ventral SI lig., interosseous SI lig., long dorsal SI lig., sacrotuberous lig., sacrospinous lig., iliolumbar lig., thracodorsal fasia

Front 27

ventral SI lig (important info)

Back 27

weakest of the SI lig's, palpated at Baer's point

Front 28

interosseous SI lig (important info)

Back 28

strongest SI lig, between lateral sacral crest and iliac tuberosity

Front 29

long dorsal SI lig (important info)

Back 29

tension increases w/ conternutation and loading of sacrotuberous lig., decreases w/ nutation and contraction of lat or glut

Front 30

sacrotuberous lig (important info)

Back 30

piriformis, biceps femoris, and glut max attach to it

Front 31

Thoracodorsal fascia (info related to SI joint)

Back 31

tension increases w/ any motion, contraction or stretching of muscles attached to it; this increase improves pelvic girdle and low back stability

Front 32

sacrococcygeal joint

Back 32

symphysis, has 3 ligaments associated to it

Front 33

Mechanics of sacral nutation

Back 33

occurs w/ supine to stand and flexion of LE; causes sacrum to glide posterior and inferior

Front 34

Mechanics of sacral counternutation

Back 34

occurs w/ stand to supine and extension of LE; causes sacrum to glide anterior and superior

Front 35

Mechanics of posterior innominate rotation

Back 35

occurs w/ ext. of trunk and flex. of LE; causes innominate to glide anterior and superior

Front 36

Mechanics of anterior innominate rotation

Back 36

occurs w/ spine to sitting and ext. of LE; cuases innominate to glide posterior and inferior

Front 37

inner unit of muscle for SI stability

Back 37

pelvic floor muscles, transverse abdominus, multifidi, and diaphragm

Front 38

outer unit of muscle for SI stability

Back 38

post. oblique (lats, glut maxs, TFL)
deep longitudinal (erector spinae, TFL, sacrotuberous lig, biceps femoris)
ant. oblique (oblique abs, contralat adductors, ant abdominal fascia)
Lateral (glut medius and minimus, contralat adduction of thigh)

Front 39

anatomy of the atlas

Back 39

wide, thin ring w/ well developed transverse processes that sit on the axis

Front 40

anatomy of the axis

Back 40

dens on anterior portion, well developed spinous processes

Front 41

upper cervical function

Back 41

protect medulla, increase rotation (50% of c-spine rotation), nodding occurs @ OA joint and rotation @ AA

Front 42

lower cervical function

Back 42

facets angle towards the eyes, joint of luschka, movement in all 3 planes

Front 43

muscle groups of the neck

Back 43

superficial posterior, deep posterior, superficial anterior, deep anterior

Front 44

superficial posterior musculature of the neck (w/ attachments)

Back 44

levator scapulae (C1-4 transverse process), trap, splenius capitis (C7-T3 spinous process to base of occiput), splenius cervicis (T3-6 spinous process to C1-3 transverse process), rhomboids (C7-T5 spinous process)

Front 45

deep posterior musculature of the neck (w/ attachments)

Back 45

multifidi
suboccipitals - rectus capitis post. major (spinous process C2 to lateral occiput), rectus capitis post. minor (post C1 to medial nuchal line), oblique capitis superior (transverse process of C1 to lateral nuchal line), oblique capitis inferior (C2 spinous process to inferior transverse process of C1)
intertransversarus and interspinalis

Front 46

superficial ant. musculature of the neck (w/ attahcments)

Back 46

SCM, ant. scalene (1st rib to transverse process of C3-6), mid. scalene (1st rib to transverse process of C2-7), post. scalene (2nd rib to transverse process of C4-6), suprahyoid (pull down on mandible), infrahyoid (pull down on hyoid), masseter and temporalis (stabilize jaw)

Front 47

deep ant. musculature of the neck (w/ attachments)

Back 47

longus colli (along vertebral bodies), longus capitis (ant tubercle of transverse process of C3-6 to ant portion of occiput)

Front 48

nuchal ligament

Back 48

continuation of supraspinous lig

Front 49

tectorial ligament

Back 49

C2 spinous process to occiput

Front 50

cruciform ligament

Back 50

surrounds the dens, attaches to occiput

Front 51

transverse ligament

Back 51

tested in sharp-purser test, part of the cruciform ligament

Front 52

alar ligament

Back 52

integrity tested w/ palpation of C2 spinous process, checks lateral flexion

Front 53

apical ligament

Back 53

checks distraction of the head

Front 54

clinical neural problems in the cervical region

Back 54

peripheral entrapment of brachial plexus by scalenes, 1st rib or clavicle; suboccipital muscles may trap first and second dorsal rami

Front 55

Fryettes Law in OA and AA motion

Back 55

left rotation (AA - L rotation, OA - R sidebend), left sidebend (AA - R rotation, OA - L sidebend)

Front 56

anatomy of thoracic vertebrae

Back 56

T1-3 spinous process (SP) project posterior, T4-6 SP project down between own TP and ones below, T7-9 SP project down tip at level below, T10 same as 7-9, T11 same as 4-6, T12 same as 1-3

Front 57

anatomy of T1

Back 57

full costal facet superiorly for 1st rib and partial inferiorly for 2nd rib; very elongated spinous process

Front 58

anatomy of T11 and 12

Back 58

full costal facet on each for 11th and 12th ribs respectively; neck of those ribs don't articulate with transverse processes

Front 59

Posterior trunk muscles

Back 59

superficial (trap, lat, serratus ant, rhomboids, levator scapula)
intermediate (serratus post superior and inferior)
deep (erector spinae, transversospinal, short segmental)

Front 60

Anterior/lateral trunk muscles

Back 60

all abdominals

Front 61

primary muscles of, quiet, inspiration

Back 61

diaphragm, scalenes, intercostales

Front 62

muscles of forced inspiration

Back 62

serratus ant. and both posterior, pec minor and major, levator costae, SCM, lats, quadratus lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis and cervicis

Front 63

movement in the thoracic spine

Back 63

30-40 degrees flex, 20-25 degrees ext, 30 degrees rotation, 25 degrees sidebending

Front 64

thoracic stability provided by...

Back 64

core muscles, extensive ligaments, sterno-costo-vertebral ring

Front 65

gibbus

Back 65

sharp, posterior angulation; kyphotic deformity, result of anterior wedging

Front 66

dowager's hump

Back 66

results from postmenopausal osteoporosis (upper thoracic and mid cervical spine)

Front 67

pectus carinatum

Back 67

pigeon chest (sternum out forward and down)

Front 68

pectus excavatum

Back 68

funnel chest (eg. connor hunt)

Front 69

barrel chest

Back 69

sternum out forward and upward

Front 70

respiration occurs with movement at what 5 joints

Back 70

manubriosternal, sternocostal, interchondral, costotransverse, costovertebral

Front 71

normal rib alignment

Back 71

upper ribs - horizontal, run more obliquely as you descend

Front 72

pump handle action

Back 72

first six ribs, increase a/p diameter, rotate up - elevation, rotate down - depression

Front 73

bucket handle action

Back 73

ribs 7-10, increase lateral dimension, increase infrasternal angle by up back and medial motion of the rib

Front 74

caliper action

Back 74

ribs 8-12, increase lateral dimension