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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many bones are in the body? |
206 |
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What is a joint? |
A place where 1 or more bones meet |
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What do joints allow us to do? |
Allow us to move -- mobility |
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What are the two types of joints? |
Nonsynovial Synovial |
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What are nonsynovial joints? |
United by fibrous tissue or cartilage Can't move or only slightly (Ex. vertebrae) |
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What are synovial joints? |
Enclosed in a joint cavity filled with fluid Moveable (Ex. The ankle) |
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How much do our muscles occupy our weight? |
40-50% |
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What are the muscles composed of? |
Bundles of muscle fibers (fasciculi) |
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What attached muscles to bones? |
Tendons (strong, fibrous cords) |
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What is Flexion? Extension? |
Flexion - bending a limb at the joint Extension - straightening a limb at a joint |
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What is Abduction? Adduction? |
Abduction - moving limb away from the midline Adduction - moving a limb toward the midline |
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What is Pronation? Supination? |
Pronation - turning forearm so palm is down Supination - turning forearm so palm is up |
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What is circumduction? |
Moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder |
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What is inversion? Eversion? |
Inversion - moving sole of the foot inward at the ankle Eversion - moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle |
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What is rotation? |
moving the head around the central axis |
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What is protraction? Retraction? |
Protraction - moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground Retraction - moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground |
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What is Elevation? Depression? |
Elevation - raising a body part Depression - lowering a body part |
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In what order do we do the musculoskeletal assessment? |
Proximal to distal Compare right and left |
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What type of subjective data would you want to know? |
- Joint pain, swelling, decreased movement, cracking - Muscle pain, cramps, weakness - Bones pain, deformity, trauma (how much) - ADLs - Flexibility and strength exercises (type, duration) |
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What are the techniques used for a musculoskeletal assessment? |
Inspection Palpation ROM Muscle testing |
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What do we inspect each joint for? |
Size, Contour, Colour, Swelling, Masses, Deformity |
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What do we palpate each joint for? |
Temp, tenderness, swelling, masses, crepitation |
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How do we grade muscle testing? |
Scale from 0-5 (5 is normal, 0 is bad) |
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What two bones create the temporomandibular joint? |
Mandible and temporal bones |
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How do we test the ROM of the temporomandibular joint? |
Ask person to open mouth Thrust lower jaw from side to side Protrude and retract jaw |
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What are the 4 curves of the spine? |
Cervical Lumbar Thoracic Sacrococcygeal |
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What do the intervertebral discs do? |
Absorb shock Allow motion and stability Flex, extend, adduct, rotate |
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What should the spine look like? |
Straight line from head down to gluteal folds Equal shoulders, scapulae, iliac crests Knees and feet should be aligned with trunk |
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What do we palpate with the spine? |
Spinous processes and paravertebral muscles |
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What spine ROM exercises should patients do? |
Flexion/extension (bending) Lateral flex of R and L Twist shoulders Walk on tip toes Straight leg raises |
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What are straight leg raises (LeSegue's Test)? |
Lift straight leg to the point where there is pain, dorsiflex the foot No pain is normal Pain confirms presence of herniated disk |
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When observing the C spine, what should we observe? |
The alignment of the head and neck Spine should be straight and head erect |
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What do we palpate when assessing the C spine? |
Spinous processes, sternomastoid, trapezius, paravertebral muscles |
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What are C-spine ROM exercises should patients do? |
Flex chin to chest and extend to ceiling Ears to shoulders Turn chin toward each shoulder |
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What creates the shoulder (glenohumeral joint)? |
Humerus and glenoid fossa of scapulae |
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What do we inspect about the shoulders? |
Size and contour Compare equality and boney landmarks Swelling |
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What is the order than we should palpate the shoulder? |
Clavicle > acromioclavicular joint > scapula > greater tubercle of humerus > area of subacromial bursa > biceps > anterior of glenohumeral joint > axillae |
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What ROM exercises should you get your patient to do for shoulders? |
Forward flexion and hyperflexion Internal rotation (hands behind back) and External rotation (hands behind head) 180 abduction and adduction |
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What bones create the elbow? What type of joint? |
Humerus, radius, ulna Hinge joint |
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What do we palpate with the elbow? |
both sides of olecranon process with thumb and 1st two fingers |
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What ROM exercises for the elbow? |
Flexion and extension Pronation and supination (90 degrees) |
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How do we test for strength in the elbow? |
Have person flex elbow against your resistance at the wrist and to extend the elbow against your resistance |
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What is the radiocarpal joint? What does it allow? |
Radius and proximal row of carpal bones Flexion/extension and side to side |
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What is the midcarpal joint? What does it allow? |
Articulation between the 2 rows of carpal bones Flexion/extension and some rotation |
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What do the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints allow? |
They allow finger flexion and extension |
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What are we palpating in the wrist/hand? |
Palpate each joint in the hand by using gentle pressure Joints should feel smooth |
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What ROM exercises should you get the patient to do for their wrist/hand? |
Flex/extend Ulnar and radial deviation (turning hand outward and inward on table) Bend fingers up and down Spread fingers apart then make a fist Touch thumb to each finger |
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How do you test for strength in a patient's hand/wrist? |
Supinate (palm up) the hand on a table and stabilize patient's arm by holding their forearm Ask person to flex their wrist against your resistance |
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What are two tests to test for carpal tunnel? What symptoms will they experience?
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Phalen's Test (wrist flexion against each wrist) Tinel's Test (percussion over the medium nerve) They will feel pain, burning, weakness |
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What are the lower extremities that we assess? |
Hips, Knees, Ankles, Feet |
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What two bones make the hip? What type of joint is it? What types of movements can the hip do? |
Acetabulum and the head of the femur Ball and socket Flexion/extension Abduction/adduction, rotation |
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What types of ROM exercises can the patient do for the hip? |
Flex (extend) hip with knee extended Flex hip with knee flexed Abduction and adduction Internal and external rotation |
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What 3 bones create the knee? What kind of movements can it do? What type of joint is it? |
Femur, tibia, patella Flexion/extension Hinge |
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How do we palpate the knee? |
Palpate with the thumb and fingers in a grasping fashion from upper thigh to knee |
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What ROM exercises can the patient perform for the knee? |
Bend each knee (flexion) and extending each knee (extension) Hyperextension (only some people can) |
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How can we test for strength in the knee? |
Ask person to maintain knee flexion while you try to pull the leg forward (person is seated) |
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What is the ACL? |
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Common in sports injuries (cut and turn) Knee pops and causes lots of swelling Joint feels wobbly |
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What 3 bones create the ankle (tibiotalar joint)? What type of joint is it? What movements can it do? |
Tibia, fibula, talus Hinge Flexion and Extension |
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What ligaments provide stability? |
Medial and lateral |
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What 2 bones create the foot (subtalar joint)? What movements can it do? |
Talus and calcareous Inversion and eversion |
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How do we palpate the ankle? |
Support ankle by grasping the heel with your fingers and palate with your thumbs |
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How do we palpate the metatarsophalangeal joints of the foot? |
Between thumb fingers on the plantar surface |
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How do we palpate the interphalangeal joints? |
Pinching motion of the thumb and forefinger on the medial and lateral sides of the toes |
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What ROM exercises can the patient do for the ankle/foot? |
Point toes toward floor and nose Flex and straighten toes Turn soles of feet out (eversion, inversion) |
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How can we test for strength in the ankle? |
Ask person to maintain dorsiflexion against your resistance |
