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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 Classifications of Muscles |
Somatic vs Visceral Voluntary vs Involuntary Skeletal vs Cardiac vs Smooth |
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Skeletal Muscle |
Striated Voluntary Cylindrical Not Branched Mono-Nuclei |
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Cardiac Muscle |
Striated Involuntary Cylindrical Branched Mono-Nuclei |
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Smooth Muscle |
Not striated Involuntary Spindle Not branched Multi-Nuclei |
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Skeletal muscle internal organization starting with the Muscle |
Muscle > Muscle bundle > < Muscle cell > Myofibril > Chain of repeating sarcomeres > Thick or Thin filaments |
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Thick Filament vs Thin Filament |
Thick (myosin) Thin (actin) |
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Muscle Actions of: Jaw, Tongue, LImbs |
JAW depression (open) levation (close) TONGUE protraction (project out) retraction (bring back) LIMBS adductor (limb towards body midline) abductor (limb away) flexion (bend) extension (straighten) |
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Muscles arise from which 3 embryonic sources |
Mesenchyme Hypomere Paraxial Mesoderm |
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Mesenchyme gives rise to... |
Smooth muscles, particularly blood vessels |
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Hypomere gives rise to... |
Smooth muscles of alimentary tract Cardiac muscles |
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Paraxial Mesoderm gives rise to... |
Skeletal muscles |
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Paraxial mesoderm differentiation in head and trunk. Describe |
Trunk: PM becomes arranged into segmented SOMITES Head: PM does not differentiate into separate somites. Instead it forms clusters of mesoderm, called SOMITOMERES |
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6 parts of the Axial Musculature |
Ocular Branchiomeric Epibranchial Hypobranchial Expaxial Hypaxial |
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Two sets of jaw and pharyngeal musculature, and derivatives |
Hypobranchial Musculature - runs between gill arches. somites from trunk paraxial mesoderm Branchiomeric Musculature - face muscles. somitomeres from cranial paraxial mesoderm |
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Organization of Axial Musculature in Fish Amphibian Amniote |
Fish: Clear separation between expaxial and hypaxial
Amphibian: Expaxial is undifferentiated. Hypaxial differentiates into several small muscles
Amniote: Bother groups have differentiated. Horizontal septum no longer easily recognized |
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Appendicular Skeleton: Fish vs Tetrapods |
Fish: Dorsal, Ventral Tetrapod: Pectoral Girdle, Forelimb, Pelvic Girdle, Hindlimb |
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Contributions to Tetrapod Pectoral Girdle and Limb come from FOUR sources |
Branchiomeric Muscles Axial Musculature Dorsal Muscles Ventral Muscles |
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Muscular Sling of Mammals |
Appendicular muscles of the forelimbs suspend the anterior body from the shoulders |
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Muscle Adaptations: Electric Organs |
Electric organs are specialized blocks of muscle, produce electricity to stun prey, create electric field to detect object, navigation |
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Muscle Adaptations: Perching Tendon |
Tip of claw (or compared to our phalange) is made up of only tendon and bone. Applying pressure to the tendon allows the bird to perch without it having to exert a lot of muscular energy. Which is why they need to flap their wings to release the pressure in order to get off a perch. |
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Muscle Adaptations: Saltatory vs Cursorial |
Saltatory: FROG. Hind legs twice as long as anterior legs. Jumping
Cursorial: Adapated specifically to run. Longer tendons, increased bone length. |
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Cross Bridge Cycle Pre-Myosin Activation |
1. Calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to Troponin 2. Binding causes Troponin to change shape and Tropomyosin moves away from actin binding site 3. Actin Binding Site is now exposed |
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Cross Bridge Cycle Myosin Head Activation |
1. ATP binds to head of Myosin 2. ATP is hydrolized to ADP + Inorganic Phosphate 3. Energy from hydrolisis activates myosin head to cocked position |
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Cross Bridge Cycle: FOUR STEPS |
1. Cross Bridge Formation: Inorganic Phosphate is released; bond between Myosin head and Actin gets stronger 2. Power Stroke: ADP released, Myosin head pivots and slides Myofilament closer to center 3. Cross Bridge Detachment: Another ATP binds to Myosin head. Link weakens. Head detaches from actin site 4. Reactivation: ATP is hydrolized |
