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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the connective tissue that:
a) Conects muscle to bone b) Connects bone to bone |
a) tendon
b) ligament |
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The muscle's attachment to the non-moving bone
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Origin
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The muscle's attachment to the bone being moved
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Insertion
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Broad, flat sheet of tendonous tissue which unites sheets of muscles to each other or to bones
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Aponeurosis
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How many aponeurosis sheets in the body?
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3
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What is the part of the muscle between the tendons?
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Belly
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How much of a muscle's energy is used for muscular contraction?
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20-30%
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Most of a muscle's energy is expended on what?
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Heating the body
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What causes a muscle to move something? (Expansion OR Contraction)
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Contraction
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Which aponeurosis is found near the stomach? (2 names)
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Rectus sheath/
Ventral aponeurosis |
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What is the transparent, elastic connective tissue which connects muscles to the skin or binds adjacent muscles?
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Fascia
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What is it called when two muscles work in opposite directions, with inverse origins and insertions across the same joint?
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Antagonistic pairs
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Muscles which work together to complete the same movement
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Synergistic
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The proper name for the Achilles tendon
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Calcaneal tendon
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Give an example of a synergistic muscle pair
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Gastrocnemius with the Soleus underneath; both form the calf
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To straighten a joint- increasing the angle at the joint
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Extension
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To bend at a joint decreasing the angle at the joint
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Flexion
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To move an extremity towards the mid-saggital plane
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Adduction
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To move an extremity away from the mid-sagittal plane
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Abduction
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List 5 functions of the muscular system
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Movement/ locomotion
Propel body fluids Move food through GI tract Warmth Protect organs |
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To turn the palm upwards
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Suppination
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To turn the palm downward
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Pronation
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To move a structure about its axis (e.g.- shaking head)
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Rotation
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When the distal end of a limb is moving in a circle while the proximal end end remains fixed
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Circumduction
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To decrease the size of an opening
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Sphincter
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The lumen expands
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Dilation
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The lumen contracts
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Constriction
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To point the toes towards the nose
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Dorsiflexion
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To extend the foot so that the toes point inferiorly (tip toes)
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Plantarflexion
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To turn the feet so that the soles face each other
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Inversion
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To turn the feet so that the soles face outward
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Eversion
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Cutting muscles at right angles to the fibers at the belly
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Transect
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To fold cut muscles back to their origins and insertions
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Reflection
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What percentage of the male body is composed of muscles?
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40%
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What percentage of the female body is composed of muscles?
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20%
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What are striations on the muscles?
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Small stripes visible from underneath the microscope
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What types of muscles are striated?
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Skeletal and cardiac
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Which of the 3 types of muscles is/are voluntary?
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Skeletal
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Which of the 3 types of muscles is/are involuntary?
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Smooth and cardiac
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What is skeletal muscle composed of?
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Bundles of muscle fibers bound by fascia
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The _____ eventually becomes the tendons.
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Fascia
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The cell membrane in muscle cells
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Sarcolemma
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List five examples of skeletal muscles which are not attached to bone
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Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Lips Top 2" of esophagus Parts of the diaphragm Anal sphincter |
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Muscle cells have high amounts of which organelle?
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Mitochondria
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Describe mitosis of muscle cells
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Nuclei split, but no cytokinesis occurs, resulting in multiple nuclei per cell.
An individual is born with as many muscle cells they will have their whole life-- they just grow large |
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Where in a striated skeletal muscle cell are the nuclei located?
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Up against the sarcolemma
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How many nuclei in a cardiac muscle cell?
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One
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How many nuclei are found in a skeletal muscle cell?
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Polynuclei (more than 1 typically)
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Where in cardiac muscle cells are the nuclei located?
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Centrally
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What shape are cardiac muscle cells?
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Rectangular with 3-D branching
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What types of cells generate the electrical impulses to keep cardiac muscle cells contracting in rhythm?
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Pacemaker cells
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What are the specialized areas of the sarcolemma where cardiac muscle cells butt up and transfer nerve impulses?
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Intercalated discs
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Which blood vessel takes blood AWAY from the heart?
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Artery
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Which blood vessel carries blood TOWARDS the heart.
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Vein
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The average adult cardiac muscle cell contracts ___ times per minute.
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72 times
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Explain how the nervous system affects cardiac muscle cells.
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The heart is independent of the brain and can beat outside of the body.
The nervous system can alter the rate and strength of contractions. |
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The directions left and right are in respect of the patient/ observer (choose 1).
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Patient
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The top two chambers of the heart are called the _____.
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Atria
(Atrium- singular) |
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The bottom two chambers of the heart are called the ______.
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Ventricles
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The heart makes two thumps for each beat. This is because the _____ and the ______ contract as separate systems.
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Ventricles, Atria
(Don't need to know order) |
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The ____ is the thick muscular wall separating the left and right halves of the heart.
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Septum
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Unoxygenated blood travels to the heart in this blood vessel
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Vena cava
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The vena cava takes unoxygenated blood from the body to this chamber
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Right atrium
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The one-way openings between different chambers of the heart that cause the "thump"
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Valve
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Unoxygenated blood goes from the right atrium to the ______
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Right ventricle
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Blood leaves the right ventricle through the _______
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Pulmonary artery
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The pulmonary artery takes blood from the _____ to the ______
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right ventricle of the heart, right or left lung
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The ______ carries unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
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Pulmonary artery
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Oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to the heart via the ______.
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Pulmonary vein
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The pulmonary vein carries blood from the _____ to the _____.
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Left or right lung, left atrium
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The left atrium pumps blood to the ______.
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Left ventricle
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Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle into the ______.
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Aorta
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The main artery out of the heart is the ______.
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Aorta
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The exchange of waste, CO2, and O2 occurs between cells and the blood at the _______
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Capillaries
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Smooth muscle shape
(2 terms) |
Spindle shaped
Fusiform shaped |
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Where are the nuclei in smooth muscle cells?
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Centrally located
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Smooth muscle contracts and retracts:
Quickly/ Slowly (choose 1) |
Slowly (and rythmically)
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The proper name for the movement of food down the esophagus
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Peristalsis
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The formal name for "puking"
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Reverse peristalsis
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What do the contractions on a smooth muscle look like?
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A wave heading down the muscle
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The open hole in the middle of a tube
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Lumen
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The smooth ER of a muscle cell
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sarcoplasmic
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Prefix that means muscle
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Sarco-
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Muscles are _______ by motor neurons.
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Innervated
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Muscles are activated by _________.
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Motor neurons
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Smooth muscles mainly found in the _____. (General term)
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Viscera
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What are viscera?
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Internal organs
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List 5 places where smooth muscles are found.
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Walls of blood vessels
Intestines Uterus Bladder Stomach |
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To keep all muscles ready for action at any moment, your body does this:
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Randomly contracts muscles to exercise the muscles
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When a few motor units contract randomly throughout muscle (Term)
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Tonus
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This will not allow any muscle to contract or refract
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Tetanus
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A muscle contracts by _______________.
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Filaments slide over each other using ATP
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What are the darker bands or striations?
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Where the filaments overlap
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Muscles on sides of head
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Temporalis
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Temporal lets you do this:
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Wiggle ears
Somewhat contributes to mastication |
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Muscle that inserts on mastoid and originates on clavicle and sternum
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Sternocleidomastoid
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Sphincter around the eye
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Orbicularis oculi
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Orbicularis is derived from the word meaning _______
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Circular
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Sphincter around the lips
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Orbicularis oris
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The muscle that is found around cheeks that passes under zygomatic arch
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Masseter
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The masseter alows you to ____
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Chew
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Formal name for chewing
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Mastication
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Muscle by the front of your forehead
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Frontalis
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The frontalis allows you to _______
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Raise eyebrows
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2 names for tendonous sheet of the head
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Epicranial aponeurosis
Galea aponeurotica |
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The main muscle of the chest
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Pectoralis (Pecs)
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Epi=_____
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Top
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Brachii=_____
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Arm
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Main muscle of the front of the arms
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Biceps brachii
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Motion of the biceps brachii
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Flexion of arms
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Originates on proximal head of humerus
Inserts on ulna and radius |
Biceps brachii
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Main muscle of back of the arm
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Triceps brachii
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Antagonistic to biceps brachii
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Triceps brachii
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Motion of triceps brachii
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Extension of the arm
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Major muscle of shoulder
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Deltoid
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Span of the deltoids
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Scapula to distal head of humerus
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Broad muscle of back
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Trapezius
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Shape of trapezius
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Kite-shaped
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Finger like projection muscles under arms that attach to ribs
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Serratus anterior
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Broad, flat muscle that goes from thoracolumbar fascia to sides of body
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Latissimus dorsi
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Muscles between the ribs
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Intercostals
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Purpose of the intercostals and serratus anterior
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Expand and contract the chest cavity for breathing purposes
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Deepest layer of the abdominal muscles
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Transverse abdominus
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Deep to one layer of abdominal muscles but superficial to the bottom layer
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Internal obliques
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Most superficial of abdominal muscles
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External obliques
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Abdominal muscles that go like this:
\\ //// |
External obliques
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Abdominal muscles that go like this:
//// \\ |
Internal obliques
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Abdominal muscles that go like this:
== == |
Transverse abdominus
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Abdominal muscles that go like this:
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Rectus abdominus
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Rectus means ____
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Straight
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The rectus abdominus is found where
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Completely enveloped by the rectus sheath
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Causes a six-pack
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Reactus abdominus
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"Line of white"
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Linea alba
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Centerline of the ventral aponeurosis
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Linea alba
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Dome-shaped muscle
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Diaphragm
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Main breathing muscle
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Diaphragm
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Dividing line for the abdomen and thorax
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Diaphragm
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Aponeurosis of the back
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Thoracolumbar fascia
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Bigger of the butt muscles (in humans)
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Gluteus maximus
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Smaller of the butt muscles (in humans)
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Gluteus medius
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Small muscle that is mostly fascia
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Tensor fascia latae
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Where are the hamstrings?
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Back of thigh
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What are the quadriceps?
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Front of thigh
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Main muscle of the hamstrings
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Biceps femoris
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Main muscle of the quadriceps
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Rectus femoris
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Largest muscle
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Quadriceps
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Runs from iliac crest to proximal hird of tibia
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Sartorius
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Italian for tailor
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Sartorius
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Medial sides of thighs along the femur
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Gracilis
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Superficial of calf muscles
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Gastrocnemius
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Deeper of calf muscles
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Soleus
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The gastrocnemius and soleus are synergistic in what motion?
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Plantarflexion
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3 names of the tendon of the heel
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Achilles tendon
Calcaneal tendon Tendocalcaneous |
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Front of the lower leg
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Tibialis anterior
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Tibialis anterior does this mothon
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Dorsiflexion
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Patella imbedded in this
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Patellar tendon/ ligament
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The patellar tendon goes from the ____ to the ____
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Rectus femoris, Patella
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The patellar ligament spans from the _____ to the _____
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Patella, Tibial tuberosity
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