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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many muscles are there in the body? What percentage of am average human's weight is this? |
Over 600 muscles Around 40% of total weight |
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? |
Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth |
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Describe the control, appearance, function and Location of the cardiac muscles. |
Control - involuntary (autonomic nervous system) Appearance - 'Stiated' (striped or streaked) Function - Continuous, rhythmic beating to push oxygen around the body Location - The heart |
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Describe the control, appearance, function and Location of the smooth muscles. |
Control - involuntary (automatic nervous system) Appearance - smooth, spindle-shaped Location/function - digestive system to break down ingested food and drink - walls of blood vessels to control the volume of blood flow |
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Describe the control, appearance, function and Location of the skeletal muscles. |
Control - voluntary (somatic nervous system) Appearance - striated (striped/streaked) Function- create movement or stabilise the body to prevent unwanted movement Location - bicep, quadriceps, obliques etc |
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What are the 4 key characteriatixs of muscle tissue? Give a definition for each |
Contractability - shorten Extensibility - extend and lengthen Elasticity - return to it's original size and shape Exciteability - respond to stimuli from the nervous system |
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Why can skeletal muscle be compared to am elastic band? |
It can stretch and then recoil to it's original shape but if it's pulled too far it can tear |
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What makes up the skeletal muscle? Give the percentages for each too. |
70% water 23% protein (elastin and collagen) 7% minerals (calcium, potassium and phosphorus) and substrates (glycogen, glucose, fatty acids) |
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What is this section of the muscle called? |
Tendon |
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What is this section of the muscle called? |
Epimysium |
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What is this section of the muscle called? |
Fasciculi |
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What is this section of the muscle called? |
Muscle fibre |
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What is this section of the muscle called? |
Endormysium |
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What is this section of the muscle called? |
Myofibril |
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What is this section of the muscle called? |
Perimysium |
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What is this section of the muscle called? |
Bone |
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What is this a diagram of? |
Skeletal muscle |
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What is the name of the theory which describes the method by which muscles are thought to contract? |
Sliding filament theory |
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What are the four factors that need to occur for the Sliding Filament Theory to take place? |
-Calcium is released, allowing the myosin head to bind with the actin - Actin and Myosin bind causing a cross-bridge - Myosin head pull on the actin causing the sarcomere to shorten and the muscle to contract -When the muscles lengthen they return to the starting position, ready to contract again |
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What causes muscle contractions in the body? |
Stimuli from the nervous system and the release of adenosine tri-phosophate (ATP), which is stored in the myosin head |
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What are the two types of skeletal muscle fibres? |
Slow twitch and fast twitch |
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Describe slow twitch muscle fibres and explain their activities. |
Smaller diameter, large myoglobin content, many capilaries to deliver oxygen, red in colour Increased oxygen delivery, produce less force, long-term contractions, resistant to fatigue, aerobic Maintaining posture, endurance activities, Lower-intensity aerobic activities |
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Describe fast twitch muscle fibres and explain their activities. |
Larger diameter, lower myglobin levels, fewer capillaries, white/pale in colour Decreased oxygen level, generate more force, short term contractions, less resistant to fatigue, anaerobic Rapid/intense movements, strength training, sprinting, anaerobic training |
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What kind of muscle fibres are good for marathon runners? |
Slow twitch (type 1) Top level have about 80% of their muscles as slow twitch |
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What kind of muscle fibres are good for sprinters? |
Fast twitch muscles (type 2) Top level have about 60% of their muscles as fast twitch |
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What determines what kind of muscle is where in the body? Give examples for the back, arms and legs. |
The role of the muscle Neck/back are mainly slow twitch as they correct posture Shoulder and arm are mainly fast twitch as they need to generate considerable force Leg muscles contain both in large quantities to support the body (slow) and generate movement (fast) |
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What is the effect of exercise on muscle fibres? |
Intense exercises that encourage anaerobic metabolism will boost strength and mass - encouraging the increase in size of fast twitch Moderate/aerobic endurance exercise that increased the volume of blood and oxygen going to the muscles will increase the aerobic capacity of slow twitch |
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Can fast and slow twitch fibres be converted to each other? |
No |
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What kind of muscle fibre can adapt to suit the type of training? Describe this muscle fibre. |
Intermediate fibres These are a type of fast twitch fibre which will adapt to act like fast/slow twitch depending on the strength/endurance training |
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What are the 3 types of muscle contractions? Explain each. |
Isotonic - muscle under tension from concentric or eccentric contraction (e.g. bicep curl) Isometric - muscle remains the same lenght under contraction (e.g. plank) Isokenetic - the muscle contracts at the same speed throughout the movement (e.g. 2:2 bicep curl) |
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What is the term given to the contraction where the muscle shortens under tension? |
Concentric contraction |
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What is the term given to the contraction where the muscle lengthens under tension? |
Eccentric contraction |
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Name and describe the start point of the muscle. |
Origin Attached to a fixed bone. Described as the proximal attachment as it is nearest the midline of the body |
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Name and describe the end point of the muscle. |
Insertion Attached to the bone that usually moved during the movement. Described as the distal attachment as it is further away from the midline of the body |
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What are the 4 roles of the muscles during a movement? Describe each and give the muscles for each for a press up. |
Agonist - prime mover, contracts to give the desired movement (pectorials) Antagonist - opposing muscle to the agonist, usually relaxed (rhomboids) Synergist - muscles which contract to assist the movement (triceps) Fixator - muscles which contract to stabilise the movement (internal/external obliques) |
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What is the name of the main muscle in your chest? |
Pectoralis major |
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What is the name of the main muscle in your anterior shoulder? |
Deltoids |
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What is the name of the main muscle in the side of your torso? |
External and internal obliques |
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What is the name of the main muscle in the centre of your torso? |
Rectus abdominis |
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What is the name of the main muscle in the centre of your thigh? |
Quadriceps |
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What is the official name of your hip flexors? |
Iliopsoas |
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What is the name of the muscle on the inside of the thigh? |
Hip adductors |
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What is the name of the muscle in the anterior of the lower leg? |
Tibialis anterior |
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What is the name of the muscle running down the centre of the torso? |
Transversus abdominis |
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What is the name of the muscle at the bottom of the rib cage? |
Diaphram |
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What is the name of the muscle bellow the rib cage? |
Intercostals |
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What is the name of the muscle in the centre of the upper back? |
Rhomboids |
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What is the name of the muscles going through the butt? |
Gluteus medius and minimus |
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What is the name of the muscle on the posterior of the butt? |
Gluteus maximus |
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What is the name of the muscle surrounding the spine at the neck? |
Upper trapezius |
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What is the name of the muscle surrounding the spine in the upper back? |
Middle trapezius |
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What is the name of the muscle running from the side of your torso to the centre back? |
Latissimus dorsi |
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What is the name of the muscle running down the back of your upper arm? |
Tricep brachii |
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What is the name of the muscle in your lower back? |
Erector spinae |
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What is the name of the muscle running down the back of your upper leg? |
Hamstrings |
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What is the name of the muscle running from your posterior knee downwards? |
Gastrocnemius |
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What is the name of the muscle running upwards from your posterior foot? |
Soleus |
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What is the name of the muscle in your anterior upper arm? |
Bicep brachii |
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What is the nervous system responsible for, what is the primary role of the nervous system and how does it achieve this role? |
Responsible for all internal communication and coordination Primary role is to maintain a constant balance (homeostasis) Achieves this by using the brain and and a network of of nerves and chemical messaged in the body |
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What are the three summed up roles of the nervous system? |
Gather information (sensation) Analyse the gathered information (integration) Respond appropriately to the information (response) |
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Explain how sensation occurs in the nervous system. |
System gathers information about the internal (e.g. CO2 in the blood) and external (e.g. air temperature, space available) environment through a range of sensors through the body |
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Explain how integration occurs in the nervous system. |
The system interprets and analyses the information gathered by the senses and decided on the most appropriate action Most decisions are automatic (e.g. digestion) but some are consciously controlled (e.g. voluntary muscle action) |
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Explain how response occurs in the nervous system. |
The system responds to information with an appropriate action The nervous system works closely with the endocrine system, which releases hormones |
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What are the 2 divisions of the central nervous system and give a brief definition of each. |
Central Nervous System (PNS) Control base of everything. Brain and spinal cord. Point of origin for all nerve impulses that cause muscle contractions Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic system - controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles Autonomic system - controls involuntary functions |
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Name and describe this part of the brain. |
Cerebrum Largest and most superior aspect. Takes up most of the space in the skull |
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Name and describe this part of the brain. |
Brain Stem The stalk-like component at the inferior aspect of the brain Lower portion is a continuation of the spinal cord |
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Name and describe this part of the brain. |
Cerebellum Smaller part. Acts as a memory bank for all learnt skills and responsible for controlling muscle action |
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Name and describe this part of the brain. |
Diencephalon Made up of the thalamus and hypothalamus |
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What are the segments of the spinal cord and what is the role of the spinal cord? |
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral Provide a communication link between the brain and PNS Integrates incoming information and produced responses |
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What is the official name for the nerve cells? |
Neurons |
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What are the two types of neurons? Explain the difference between the two. |
Sensory - carry messages to the CNS from the sensory organs. Arrive on the posterior side of the spinal cord Motor - transmit impulses from the CNS to the muscles. Exit from the anterior side of the spinal cord |
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Name and describe this part of a neuron. |
Cell Body - directs activities of the neuron |
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Name and describe this part of a neuron. |
Dendredite - detect impulses and transmit them to the body |
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Name this part of a neuron. |
Nerve ending |
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Name and describe this part of a neuron. |
Myelin sheath - insulates the axon to speed up the messages |
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Name and describe this part of a neuron. |
Axon - transmits messages away from the cell body |
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Name and describe this part of a neuron. |
Nucleus - stores the cell's genetic info (DNA) so 'tells the cell what to do' |
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Give an example of how the muscular and nervous system work together when lifting a weight (e.g. a deadlift) |
Eyes gather information and send this to the CNS Brain send information on how to position the body (which muscles to contract, motor units needed) When muscles are stimulated, the muscles pull on the bones and create the appropriate movements of the joints |
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What is a motor unit? Give a brief description of how muscles are affected within this. |
A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it activates (innervates) All the muscles in the system are activated or none of them are (all or nothing law) but only the muscles in the unit. |
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What part of the body have a high number of motor units and why? |
The hands Each unit supply fewer fibres to enable finer, ore intricate movements |
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What part of the body have a low number of motor units and why? |
The legs Larger units to supply more fibres in order to maintain posture and large, less-intricate movements |
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Compare the muscle fibres found in motor units when analysing through effort scale |
Task requiring more effort (bigger movements) will have larger neurons controlling fast twitch fibres Visa versa for lower effort |
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What are found in the ligaments and joints to inform the brain about the positioning of the joint? |
Joint receptors |
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What are muscle spindles? |
Found in the belly of the muscle Inform the brain about the length of the muscle fibre to avoid over stretching and damage |
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What are Golgi Tendon Organs |
Found in the tendons Tell the brain how much tension a muscle is under |
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Give an overview of the life-cycle of the neruomuscular system during early years. |
Early years - develop quickly (postural and stabilising muscles grow quickly) Influenced by genetics and environement (support or hinder) Muscle (as a % of BM) increases ~50% from 5-11 in boys and ~42% from 5-13 in girls |
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Give an overview of the life-cycle of the neruomuscular system during pubescent period. |
The growth slows down dramatically during adolescence Muscle hypertrophy increases in boys more than girls due to boys having an increased testosterone Girls have an increase in oestrogen to increase fat to prepare for bearing a child |
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Give an overview of the life-cycle of the neruomuscular system during adulthood and later years. |
Neural pathways and muscle growth halt around 25 years, unless stimulated by exercise Ageing causes a decrease in neurons, starting at 30 years Cerebral cortex can lose up to 45% of its cells so slows down brain processing of information and voluntary motor movements Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass later in life |
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What are the short term benefits of exercise on the neuromuscular system? |
Increased muscle temperature Increased muscle pliability so can stretch further Increase power output from muscles Increased nerve-to-muscle link Increased recruitment of muscle fibres |
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What are the long term benefits of exercise on the neuromuscular system? |
Increased muscular endurance/hypertrophy/strength Increase in contractile proteins, actin and myosin Increased basal metabolic rate Improved posture Increase in the size and number of capillaries surrounding muscles Increased recruitment of motor units, so stronger force generation |
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What are the two types of autonomic control? Describe each |
Sympathetic - speeding up Parasympathetic - slowing down Controlled by hormones |
