Muscular And Skeletal Systems

Front 1

bi-

Back 1

twice, double, two

Front 2

-cele

Back 2

hernia, tumor, swelling

Front 3

dys-

Back 3

bad, difficult, or painful

Front 4

fasci/o

Back 4

fascia,fibrous band

Front 5

fibr/o

Back 5

fibrous tissue, fiber

Front 6

-ia

Back 6

abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium

Front 7

-ic

Back 7

pertaining to

Front 8

kines/o, kinesi/o

Back 8

movement

Front 9

my/o

Back 9

muscle

Front 10

-plegia

Back 10

paralysis, stroke

Front 11

-rrhexis

Back 11

rupture

Front 12

tax/o

Back 12

coordination, order

Front 13

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

Back 13

tendon, stretch out, extend, strain

Front 14

ton/o

Back 14

tone, stretching, tension

Front 15

tri-

Back 15

three

Front 16

abduction

Back 16

is the movement of a limb (arm or leg) away from the midline of the body (ab- means away from, duct means to lead, and -ion means action).

Front 17

adduction

Back 17

is the movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body ( ad- means toward, duct means to lead, and -ion means action).

Front 18

adhesion

Back 18

is a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally. Adhesions can form in muscles or in internal organs, as the result of an injury or surgery.

Front 19

ataxia

Back 19

is the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement (a- means without, tax means coordination, and -ia means condition).

Front 20

atonic

Back 20

lacking normal muscle tone or strength (a-means without, ton means tone,

Front 21

atrophy

Back 21

means weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures. Atrophy of a muscle or muscles can be caused by pathology or by disuse of the muscle over a long period of time.

Front 22

bradykinesia

Back 22

is extreme slowness in movement ( brady- means slow, kines means movement, and -ia means condition). This is one of the symptoms of parkinson's disease.

Front 23

carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 23

symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen. The carpal tunnel is a narrow, bony passage under the carpal ligament that is located one-fourth of an inch below the inner surface of the wrist.

Front 24

chronic fatique syndrome

Back 24

(CFS) is a disorder of unknown cause that afects many body systems. It is discussed in this chapter because many of the symptoms are similar to those of fibromyalgia syndrome.

Front 25

circumduction

Back 25

is the circular movement at the far end of a limb. ex: on page 104

Front 26

contracture

Back 26

is the tightening of a muscle. As the muscle contracts, it becomes shorter and thicker, causing the belly (center) of the muscle to enlarge.

Front 27

dorsiflexion

Back 27

is the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle. Pointing the toes and foot upward decreases the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg.

Front 28

dyskenesia

Back 28

is the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as a tic or spasm (dys-means bad, kines means movement, and-ia means condition). A tic is a spasmodic muscular contraction that often involves parts of the face. Although these movements appear purposeful, they are not under voluntary control.

Front 29

dystonia

Back 29

is a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement (dys-means bad, ton means tone, and -ic means pertainging to.)

Front 30

electromyography

Back 30

is a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within a muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation (electr/o means electricity, my/o means muscle, and -graphy means the process of producing a picture or record). The resulting record is called an eelectromyogram.

Front 31

epicondylitis

Back 31

is inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow (epi- means on, condyl means condyle, and -itis means inflammation). Condyle refers to the round prominece at the end of a bone.

Front 32

ergonomics

Back 32

is the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment. This term is usually applied to the design of the equipment and workspaces, with the goal of reducing injuries, strain, and stress.

Front 33

exercise physiologist

Back 33

is a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develp, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness.

Front 34

fascitis

Back 34

which is also spelled fascitis, is inflammation of a fascia (fasci means fascia, and -itis means inflammation).

Front 35

fibromyalgia syndrome

Back 35

is a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatique; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms (fibr/o means fibrous tissue, my means muscle, and -algia means pain).

Front 36

ganglion cyst

Back 36

is a harmless fluidfilled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist. This condition, which cab be caused by repeated minor injuries, is usually painless and does not require treatment

Front 37

heel spur

Back 37

is a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (heel) bone that can be one of the causes of plantar fasciitis.

Front 38

hemiparesis

Back 38

is slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body (hemi- meanshalf, and -paresis means partial or incomplete paralysis). Contrast hemiparesis with hemiplegia.

Front 39

hernia

Back 39

is the protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it.

Front 40

hyperkinesia

Back 40

also known as hyper activity, is abnormally increased muscle function or activity (hyper-means excessive, kines means movement, and -ia means condition).

Front 41

hypotonia

Back 41

is a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles (hypo- means deficient, ton means tone, and -ia means condition)

Front 42

impingement syndrome

Back 42

occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint. A common sign of impingement syndrome is discomfort when raising your arm above your head.

Front 43

insertion

Back 43

is where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon. In contrast to the origin, the insertion is the more movable attachment, and it is the farthest point from the midline of the body.

Front 44

intermittent claudication

Back 44

is pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest. Intermittent means coming and going at intervals and claudication means limping. This condition, which is due to poor circulation, is associated with peripheral vascular disease.

Front 45

muscular dystrophy

Back 45

is properly referred to in the plural, which is muscular dystrophies. This general term describes a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system. There is no specific treatment to stop or reverse any form of muscular dystrophy. Two most common forms are duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and becker muscular dystrophy (BMD).

Front 46

myasthenia gravis

Back 46

(MG) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction ( where the neuron activates muscle to contract) and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles. Muscles that control eye movement, facial expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing are often affected by this condition. Myasthenia means muscle weakness (my means muscle, and -asthenia means weakness or lack of strength). Gravis comes from Latin word meaning grave or serious.

Front 47

myocele

Back 47

is the herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it (my/o means muscle, and -acele means a hernia)

Front 48

myoclonus

Back 48

is the sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles (my\o means muscle, clon mean violent action, and -us is a singular nown ending).

Front 49

myofascial release

Back 49

is a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fribromyalgia syndrome, myofascial pain sysndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular join disorders (TMJ), and carpal tunnel syndrome.

Front 50

myolysis

Back 50

is the degeneration of muscle tissue (my/o means muscle, and lysis means destruction or breaking down in disease).

Front 51

myoparesis

Back 51

is a weakness or slight muscular paralysis (my/o means muscle, and -paresis means partial or incomplete paralysis.

Front 52

myorrhaphy

Back 52

is the surgical suturing a muscle (my/o means muscle, -rraphy means surgical suturing)

Front 53

neuromuscular

Back 53

means pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle ( neuro/o means nerve, muscul means muscle, and -ar means pertaining to).

Front 54

nocturnal myoclonus

Back 54

is jerking of the limbs that can occur normallyh as a person is falling asleep. Nocturnal means pertaining to night.

Front 55

oblique

Back 55

means slanted or at an angle.As an example, the external oblique and internal oblique muscles have a slanted alignment.

Front 56

paralysis

Back 56

is the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through diseaseor injury to its nerve supply. Damage can be either temporary or permanent (plural, paralyses).

Front 57

paraplegia

Back 57

is the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body. An indidvidual affected with paraplegia is known as a paraplegic.

Front 58

physiatrist

Back 58

is a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function. Rehabilitation is restoration, following disease, illness or injury of the ability to function in a normal or near-normal manner.

Front 59

plantar fasciitis

Back 59

is an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot. This condition causes foot or heel pain when walking or running.

Front 60

polymyositis

Back 60

is a muscle disease charactgerized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body (poly- means many, myos means muscle, and -itis means inflammation). The affected muscles are typically those closest to the trunk or torso and the resulting weakness can be severe.

Front 61

pronation

Back 61

is the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.

Front 62

quadriplegia

Back 62

is paralysis of all four extremities (quadr/i means four, and -plegia means paralysis). An individual affected with quadriplegia is known as a quadriplegic.

Front 63

range of motion testing

Back 63

(ROM) is a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength. Range of motion exercises are used to increas strength, flexibility, and mobility.

Front 64

sarcopenia

Back 64

is a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles (hypo- means deficient, ton means tone, and -ia means condition).

Front 65

shin splint

Back 65

is a painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (shine bone). Shin splints can develop in hte anterolateral (front and side) muscles or in the posteromedial (back and middle) muscles of the lower leg (back and middle) muscles of the lower leg. This type of injury is usally casused by repeated stress to the lower leg, such as running on hard surfaces.

Front 66

singultus

Back 66

also known as hiccups, is myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm.

Front 67

spasmodic torticollis

Back 67

also known as wryneck, is a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side. Spasmodic means relating to a spasm, and torticollis means a contraction, or shortening, of muscles of the neck.

Front 68

sphincter

Back 68

is a ring-like muscle that tightyly constricts the opening of a passageway. A sphincter is named for the passage involved. As an example, the anal sphincter closes the anus.

Front 69

sprain

Back 69

is an injury to a joint, such as an ankle, knee, or wrist, which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn.

Front 70

tenodesis

Back 70

is the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone (ten/o means tendon, and -desis means to bind or tie together. Tenodesis is the opposite of tenolysis.

Front 71

tenosynovitis

Back 71

is an inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon. (ten/0 means tendon, synov means synovial membrane, and -itis means inflammation.

Front 72

tenolysis

Back 72

also known as tendolysis, is the release of a tendon from adhesions(ten/o means tendon, and -lysis means to set free). Tenolysis is the opposite of tenodesis.

Front 73

tenorrhaphy

Back 73

is the surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon (ten/o means tendon, and -rrhaphy means surgical suturing).

Front 74

transverse

Back 74

means in a crosswise direction. An example is the transverse abdominis muscle in the abdomen, which has a crosswise alignment.