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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The scapula has no bony atatchment to the axial skelaton, how is is supported? |
The scapula is enveloped by muscle which supports it. It is moored to the axial skelaton by the 6 muscles of scapular stabalisation. |
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Which two muscles of scapular stabalisation are responsible for the protraction of the scapula, depression of the shoulder and downwards rotation of the scapula? e.g Abducting the scapula (protraction), moving the shoulders down (depression) and downward rotation of scapula |
Pectoralis Minor and Stratus Anterior - mainly involved in the protraction of the scapula |
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What vertebral level does the trapezius muscle attatch as far down to? |
The trapezius atattches as far down as T12 |
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What actions of the scapula is the Trapzius muscle responsible for? |
Retraction (along with the Rhomboids) - scapula pulled together Elevation (along with the levator scapulae) - pulling the scapula up Depression (as if you had straight arms and you were holding yourself up on parallel bars) Upward rotation (lifing or reaching over head) *it basically has a role in all 5 of the scapula movements apart from scapula protraction* |
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What ribs do the seratus anterior muscles attatch to? |
Serratus anterio attatches to 1st to 8th ribs. |
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What are the 6 scapula stabalisation muscles? |
Trapezius Rhomboid Major Serratus anterior Levator Scapulae |
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What is the action of the Serratus anterior on the scapula? |
Serratus anterior is responsible for upward rotation of the scapula. i.e If you were to be reaching overhead and perform a pull up. Also responsible for protraction (i.e pushing scapula away from each other) |
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What is the action of the Rhomboid major and minor on the scapula? |
Rhomboid major and minor responsible for retraction of the scapula (i.e bringing the scapula together) |
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What is the role of the pectoralis minor on the scapula? |
The pectoralis minor assists the serratus anterior in the protraction of the scapula. |
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What is the name of the 4 rotator cuff muscles which work to support the humeral head in the glenoid fossa (glenoid humeral joint)? |
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis *use the acronym SITS muscle to remember* |
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Out of the 4 rotator cuff muscles, which one is responsible for the abduction of the shoulder joint? |
Supraspinatous |
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What is the main roll of the rotator cuff muscles? |
Main role is to holdthe large head against the small and shallow glenoid cavity during shouldermovements. |
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What 2 posterior muscles are medial rotators of the shoulder joint? (twist the arm inwards) |
Latsissimus Dorsi and Teres Major are medial rotators of the shoulder joint.
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What 2 anterior muscles are medial rotators of the shoulder joint? (twist the arm inwards) |
Pectoralis Major Deltoids |
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What are the 6 shoulder movements? |
Adduction = pulling arms into body side Abduction = Raising arms out from sides Extension = Raising arms forwards or backwards Flexion = pulling arms in from a forwards or backwards position Medial Rotation = twisting arms inwards Lateral Rotation = twisting arms outwards. |
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What 4 shoulder movements is the pectoralis major involved in? |
Adduction Extension
Medial rotation |
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What 3 shoulder movements is the teres major involved in? |
Adduction Extension Medial rotation |
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What is the only muscle involved in lateral rotation of the shoulder joint? |
Deltoid |
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What is the only muscle involved in abduction of the shoulder joint? |
Deltoid |
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What is the only role of action of the Cracobrachialis muscle? |
Coracobrachialis - involved in shoulder Adduction
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What is the acroynm used to remember the order of the biceps, brachialis and carcobrachialis muscle? |
BBC B - Bicpes B - Brachialis C - Caracobrachialis |
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What is the name of the joint which the entire upper limb and pectorial girdle articulate with? |
Glenoidhumeral Joint |
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What type of joints are the AC joint and SC joint ? |
Both are synovial joints:
SC - Saddle Synovial (the clavical sits on the sternum like a saddle) |
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What us the action of the levator Scapula? |
Levator scapula elevates the scapula |
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What is the action of the Rhomboid muscles on the scapula? |
Rhomboids act to Retract the Scapula |
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What is the action of the trapezium on the scapula? |
The Traps depress the scapula (lower it), Retract and elevate |
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What is the action of the stratus anterior on the scapula? |
The stratus anterior works to protract (widen) the scapula |
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What is the rim of cartilage that surrounds the glenoid cavity called? |
Glenoid labrum |
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What is the function of the glenoid labrum cartilage? |
The glenoid labrum works to deepen the socket of the shoulder joint |
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What is the name of the ligament that spans between the caracoid and acromial parts of the scapula?
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The caraco-acromial ligament It works to strengthen the superior aspect of the glenoid humeral joint capsule |
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What is the name of the ligament that strengthens the anterior aspect of the glenoid humeral joint capsule? |
The caracohumeral ligament *connects between the caracoid prominence of the scapula and the articulating surface of the humerus* |
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What is the name of the large ligament that protects that articultes with the glenohumeral joint and protects it all the way round (wraps round it) |
The Glenohumeral ligament *sits inferior to the caracohumeral ligament and wraps all the way round the glenohumeral joint* |
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What two bone and one ligmanent make up the caraco-acromial arch? |
The caracoid and acromial process of the scapula and the caraco-acromial ligament. Together they all provide superior protection to the ball and socket shoulder joint. |
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What is the role of the subacromial (subdeltoid bursa)? |
Decreses friction and allows motion of the rotator cuff |
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What is the name of the rotator cuff muscles responisble for the rotation of the humerus (rotation of the shoulder)? |
Subscapularis Supraspinatous Infraspinatous Teres minor |
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Although the rotator cuff muscles have a role in the movement in the shoulder joint, what are their more important role? |
Stabilisation of the shoulder |
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What bony process does the the deltoid muscle attatch superiorly? |
The deltoid attatches superiorly to the... Lateral process of the scapula Acromion Lateral 1/3 of the clavicle |
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What nerve supplies the deltoid muscle? |
Axillary nerve |
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In what injury is the axillary nerve commonly trapped and therefore damaged? |
The axillary nerve is commonly damaged after a shoulder dislocation |
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What is the action on the shoulder joint of the Pectoralis major muscle? |
Adduct and medially rotate |
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What action does the serratus anterior have on the scapula? |
The serratus anterior protracts the scapula |
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What nerve innervates the serratus anterior? |
The long thoracic nerve |
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What prodecdure is the long thoracic nerve most commonly injured? |
Most commonly injured during a masectomy. |
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What is the role of the superior, middle and inferior fibres of the trapezius muscle on the scapula? |
Superior fibres = Elevate scapula
Inferior fibres = Depress scapula *do each movement yourself and you can feel the different fibres moving* |
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What nerve innervates the trapezius? (clue: It is a cranial nerve) |
The Accessory nerve innervates the Traps |
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What is the action of the teres major on the shoulder joint? |
It adducts the shoulder and medially rotates it |
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What is the action of the latissumus dorsi on the shoulder joint? |
Extension Adduction Medial rotation |
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What is the only muscle responsible for abduction of the shoulder joint? |
The deltoids (middle part) |
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What action does the biceps brachii have on the shoulder joint and the radio-ulnar joint? |
The biceps brachii flexes the shoulder joint. It is also a powerful supinator of the radio-ulnar joint |
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Which head of the biceps arises from the caracoid process along with the caracobrachialis? |
Short head of the biceps brachii attatches proximally to the caracoid process. |
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What bony process does the long head of the biceps brachii attatch to proximally? |
The long head of the biceps attatches proximaly to the supraglenoid tubercle. *bony process of the scapula lying just above the glenoid cavity* |
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To which bony process of the radius is the tendon of the biceps attatched to distally? |
Both heads of the biceps attatch distally to the radial tubercle. |
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What is the nerve supply to the biceps brachii? |
Musculocutaneous nerve (arises from C6 for reflex examination purposes) |
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What is the function of the caracobrachialis on the shoulder joint? |
The coracobrachialis is responsible for Flexion and Adduction of the shoulder joint |
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What is the nerve supply of the caracobrachialis? (attatches between carcoid process and brachials muscle) |
Musculocutaneuos nerve (same as biceps brachii) |
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From which cords of the brachial plexus is the Musculocutaneous nerve a branch of? |
Musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. It is the main nerve in anterior compartment of the arm. |
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What is the main action of the brachialis on the elbow joint? |
Brachialis responsible for flexion of the elbow joint. |
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Which nerve supplies the brachialis muscle? |
Musculocutaneous nerve |
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What is the segmental route value for the musculocutaneous nerve? |
C5/6/7 |
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What are the 3 muscles supplied by the Musculocutaneous nerve? *use acronym BBC* |
B - Biceps B - Brachialis C - Caraco-brachialis |
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Where does the common tendon of the triceps insert distally into? |
The tricpes insert distally to the olecranon fossa |
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Where does the long and short head of the triceps arise from proximally? |
Long head arrises from the scapula Short heads lateral and medial arise from the humerus |
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The olecrannon process and coronoid process are parts of which forearm bone? |
The ulnar bone |
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What part of the scapula does the long head of the triceps attatch proximally? |
The long head of the tricpes atatches proximally to the infraglenoid tubercle |
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What is the main action of the triceps on the elbow joint? |
Extends |
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What is the action of the anconeus muscle on the elbow joint? |
The aconeus extends the elbow joint |
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What is the nerve supply to the acconeus muscle? |
Radial nerve |
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What nerve innervates most of the extensor muscles of the forearm? |
Radial nerve *it innervates all the extensor muscles of the elbow and wrist joint* |
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What type of joint is the elbow joint? |
Synovial hinge joint |
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What type of joint is the radio-ulnar joint (wrist joint)? |
Pivot joint |
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What is the name of the ligaments that sit laterally and medially on the elbow joint? |
Radial collateral ligament Ulnar collateral ligament |
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What is the name of the ligament that forms a ring around the base of the elbow joint? |
Annular ligament of the radius |
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Which ligament holds the head of the radius in place? |
The annular ligament of the radius |
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Which muscles are felxors of the elbow joint? |
BBC Biceps, brachialis, caracobrachialis |
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Which muscles are extensors of the elbow joint? |
Tricpes Aconeus |
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What movements is the radioulnar joint responsible for? |
Pronation and Supination |
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What main muscles are responsible for Pronation? |
Pronator teres *most powerful pronator* Quadratus brevis |
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What main muscles are responsible for Supination? |
Biceps brachii *most powerful supinator* Suppinator |
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What is the main artery running down the centre of the upper arm? |
Brachial artery |
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What artery does the brachial artery derive from? |
The axillary artery |
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What part of the arm does the brachial artery end up at? |
The brachial artery ends in the sub cubital fossa |
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What cords of the brachial plexus does the median nerve arise from? |
The median nerve arises from the medial and lateral cord of the brachial plexus |
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What muscles of the arm does the median nerve supply? |
The median nerve supplies the flexor muscles of the forearm (apart from flexor carpi ulnaris which is supplied by the ulnar nerve) & The thenar muscles |
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What cord of the brachial plexus does the ulnar nerve arise from? |
The ulnar nerve arises from the median cord of the brachial plexus |
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What part of the humerus does the radial, ulnar and axillary nerve run along side? (and so if these parts are fractured then these nerves will likely be damaged) |
Radial nerve - runs on the radial groove Ulnar nerve - Runs on the medial epicondyle (posterior side of arm - funny bone) Axillary nerve - Runs on the surgical neck |
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What two muscles form the lateral and medial borders of the cubital fossa? |
The lateral and medial borders of the cubital fossa are formed by the brachioradialis muscle and the pronator teres. |
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What is the artery which lies medially to the bieps brachii as it runs into the cubital fossa? |
The brachial artery |
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What does the brachial artery become as it leaves the cubital fossa? |
The brachial artery becomes the radial artery |
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What nerve sits within the hollow of the cubital fossa? |
The median nerve |
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What vein sits in the cubital fossa? |
The median cubital vein |
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What 2 veins does the median cubital vein drain from? |
Cephalic Vein &
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What is the action of the anterior fibres of the deltoid? |
Flexion and medial rotation of the shoulder joint |
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What is the name of the nerve supplying the deltoids and what is its segmental value? |
Axillary Nerve The root value of the axillary nerve is C5/6 |
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What muscle forms the anterior wall of the axilla? |
The pectoralis major/minor form the anterior wall of the axilla |
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What muscle forms the posterior wall of the axilla? |
The subscapularis forms the posterior wall of the axilla |
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What muscle forms the medial wall of the axilla? |
The serratus anterior forms the the medial wall of the axilla |
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What muscle forms the lateral wall of the axilla? |
The intertubercle sulcus of the humerus |
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The axillary artery is a continuation of what artery |
The axillary artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery |
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At what anatomical point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery? |
The subclavian becomes the axillary at the lateral border of the first rib |
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The axillary artery continues beyond the axilla as which vessel?
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Brachial artery Becomes brachial at the lower margin of the teres major |
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The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of which vertebrae? |
The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of C5,6,7,8,T1
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What are the 5 parts the brachial plexus is divided into?
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R - Roots (the beginning of the plexus and arise directly from the vertebral levels, the roots form from the anterior devisions of the spinal nerve e.g C5,6 ect) T - Trunks (the combination of two roots e.g C5/6 roots combine to make superior trunk) D - Divisions (every trunk then spilts into a anterior and posterior division) C - Cords (cords are combinations of the anterior or posterior divsions of the 3 trunks) B - Branches ( the nerves that arise from the cords) |
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What nerve root(s) does the superior trunk arise from? |
The superior trunk arises from the combination of C5 & C6 |
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What nerve root does the middle trunk of the brachial plexus arise from? |
Middle trunk arises from C7 |
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What nerve roots does the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus arise from? |
The inferior trunk arises from the combination of C8 & T1 |
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What divsion of what trunk is the medial cord formed by? |
The medial cord is formed by the anterior division of the inferior trunk |
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What is the name of the three branches of the brachial plexus? |
The superior, middle and inferior branches |
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What is the name of the divsions of the three branches? |
The divsions of the branches are split up into the posterior and anterior divisions. |
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What divisions of what branches is the Lateral cord a combination of? |
Lateral cord = Combination of posterior divisions of superior, middle and inferior trunks (i.e C5,6,7,8 & T1) |
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What divisions of what branches is the Posterior cord a combination of? |
Posterior cord = Combination of anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks (i.e C5,6 & C7) |
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What division of what branch is the medial cord a combination of? |
Medial cord = Purely Anterior division of the inferior trunk
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What is the segmental value of the nerve that supplies the deltoid muscle? What sensation does this nerve receive? |
The deltoid is supplied by the axillary nerve. The segmental value = C5 & C6
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What is the segmental value of the nerve that supplies the BBC muscles? What sensation does this nerve receive? |
BBC muscles supplied by musculocutaneous nerves. The root value = C5,6,7 Comes from the lateral cord (anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks) Sensation = lateral half of anterior forearm |
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What is the segmental value of the nerve that supplies the flexor muscles of the forearm & thenar muscles? What sensation does this nerve receive? |
Flexors and thenar are innervated by the Median nerve. The root value = C6 - T1 Comes from the posterior cord of all 3 trunks Sensation = Lateral part of palm (lateral 2.5 digits + thumb) + finger tips of same finger on dorsal side. |
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What is the segmental value of the nerve that supplies the triceps and extensor forearm muscles? What sensation does this nerve receive? |
Radial nerve innervates the back of the arm muscles. The root value of radial nerve = C5 - T1 Comes from the posterior cord of all 3 trunks Sensation = The posterior aspect of arm and forearm, and posterior lateral aspect of the hand |
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What is the segmental value of the nerve that supplies the muscles of the hand (minus thenar= median nerve) and the flexor carpi ulnaris ? What sensation does this nerve receive? |
Flexor carpi ulnaris and hand muscles innervated by the ulnar nerve. Root value of the ulnar nerve = C8, T1 Comes from the median cord of the inferior trunk. Sensation = innervates medial 1.5 digits on both sides. |
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Which nerve roots form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus? |
C5/6 |
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What is Erb's point and what is the clinical significance? |
Erb's point is the union of C5/6 nerve roots It is typically injured during birth or when one falls onto shoulder.
Classic sign is Waiters tip hand. - Arm is medially rotated and wrist flexed. |
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Which segmental roots of the brachial plexus cntribute to the lower trunk of the brachial plexsus? |
C8-T1 |
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What structure does the name of the lateral, posterior and medial cords relate to? |
The cords get their name from their relation to the axillary artery. Lateral cord Posterior cord Medial cord |
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With the major veins of the arm (cephalic and basilic), which runs down the lateral side of the arm and which the medial side? |
Cephalic vein runs down the lateral (radial) side Basillic runs down the medial (ulnar) side |
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What is the name of the venous arch which lies on the back of the hand? |
Dorsal venous arch - drains into the cephallic and basillic veins |
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What vein is blood shunted from towards by the median cubital vein? |
The median cubital veins shunts blood from the cephalic vein to the basillic vein |
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What dermatome supplies the bicep? |
C5 - keeps the bicep alive |
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Where do all lymphatic vessels of the upper limb drain into? |
All lymphatic vessels from the upper limb drain into the axillary nodes. For lymph nodes if upper limb then think axillary. |
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What nerve is closely related to the medial epicondyle of the humerus bone? |
The ulnar nerve is closely related to the medial epicondyle of the humerus. |
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What is the action of the infraspinuos muscle on the shoulder joint? |
Lateral rotation and stabaliser |
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What nerve innervates the teres minor? |
The axillary nerve |
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What is the action of the bicpes brachii on the radio-ulnar joint? |
Supination |
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What type of joint is the radio-ulnar joint? |
Synovial pivot joint |
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What is the action of the triceps brachii? |
Extension of the elbow joint |
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What nerve innervates the triceps? |
Radial nerve |
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The brachioradialis forms which border of the cubital fossa |
The brachioradialis forms the lateral border of the cubital fossa |
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If you see a nerve penetrating the BBC muscles then what nerve does it have to be? |
Musculocutaneous Nerve |
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What artery does the median nerve run along side? |
The median nerve runs along side the Brachial artery |
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What type of joint is the proximal radio-ulnar joint? |
Proximal radio ulnar = Synovial pivot joint |
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What type of joint is the elbow joint? *the elbow joint is a different joint from the proximal radio-ulnar but they share the same capsule* |
Synovial hinge joint |
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What dermatomes supply the posterior aspect of the arm? |
T1/2 T1 is distal part T2 is proximal |
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What dermatome mainly supplies the anterior aspect of the upper arm? |
C5 |
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What dermatome supplies the anterior aspect of the lower forearm and thumb? |
C6 |
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What deramtome supplies the palm of the hand? |
C7 |
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What dermatome supplies the pinky? |
C8 |
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What dermatome supplies the deltoid area (badge area)? |
C4 |
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What dermatome supplies the top of the shoulders? |
C3 |
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What 3 muscles atattach to the greater tuberosity of the humerus? *use the acroynm SIT* |
S - Supraspinuous I - Infraspinuous T - Teres minor |
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What muscle attatches to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus? |
The subscapularis is the only muscle to attatch to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus |
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What joint is most commonly affected if somebody falls from height onto their shoulder? |
The Acromio-clavicular joint is affected in injuries when falling onto shoulder from height |
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What is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body? |
Glenoid-humeral joint = Ball and socket joint |
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What is the main static stabaliser of the shoulder joint? |
The glenoid Labrum - is the main static stabiliser of the shoulder joint It doublesthe glenoiddepth and increases the surface area |
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What 4 muscles control of the movements of the scapula? |
Trapezius Levator scapula Serratus anterior Rhomboids |
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Weakness of what muscle that innervates with the scapula can cause the apearence of a winged scapula? (i.e scapula protrudes out on one side) |
If the stratus anterior is weakend then there is no muscle to hold the scapula in from the anterior side.
*this muscle is innervated by the thoracic nerve - So a winged scapula is a sign of palsy of the thoracic nerve* |
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What is the name of the bursa that surrounds the shoulder joint, protecting it whilst allowing free movement? |
The subacromial bursa surrounds the humeral head protecting the shoulder joint. *it lies on top of the humeral head and below the acromiom/caracoid process* |
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What three muscles are the rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder joint? |
Infraspinuos Subscapularis Teres Minor = The rotator cuff muscles, they work to protect and give stability to the gleno-humeral joint capsule allowing the big muscles like the deltoids to go to work. |
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What muscles are responsible for flexion of the elbow joint? |
Biceps Brachialis Brachioradialis All flexors of the elbow joint |
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What is the action of the radio ulnar joints? |
Pronation & Supination |
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What is the strong fiberous band that surrounds the base of the elbow joint? |
The annular ligament |
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What two muscles are responsible for pronation of the forearm? |
Pronator Teres
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What two muscles are responsible for supination of the forearm? |
Biceps = powerful supinator Supinator muscle |
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What bursa in the elbow can become inflamed from leaning on desks ect. called "students elbow"? |
The olecrannon bursa Because it sits on posterior aspect of the elbow |
