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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 5 criteria for a muscle?
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1)excitability-
ability to b stimulated 2)contractibility- shorten/lengthen 3)extensibility- can be extended 4)elasticity- snap back 5)conductivity- pass along message |
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musscles produce what percentage of body heat
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85%
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Facia
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sheet of connective tissue that surrounds and separates muscles or muscle groups from others
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endomysium
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thin sleeve of tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber
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preimysium
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thick connective tissue that wraps muscle fibers into bundles
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epimysium
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fibrous sheath surrounds entire muscle
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skeletal muscle
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voulantary striadted muscle, usuallay attatched to one or more bones
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waht are the three layers of collagenous connective tissu in skeletal muscle?
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endomysium, perimysium, epimysium
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what is the plasma membrane of a musscle fiber called
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sarcolemma
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the cyto plasm of a muscle fiber is called.....
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sarcoplasm
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long protien bundles wihtin the sarcoplasm are....
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myofibrils
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main fuel within the muscle cell
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glycogen
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myoglogin
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the red pigment stores oxygen in the cell
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smooth endoplasmic reticulium within the the space between the myofibrils are called
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sarcoplasmic recticulum
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terminal cisternae are made of
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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t tubules (aka transvers tubes)
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penetrate completely thru cell, surrounded completly by cell membrane
they signal sarcoplasmic reticulum when to dump Ca. |
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one t tubuel and two cisternae is called
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triad
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muscles
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maintain tone and posture, produces a side product of heat to maintain ur body temp
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achellies tendon made of
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dense fibrouse dense connective tissue
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the connective tissue is not only to anchor cells but also
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be conduit for , nutirents, remove waste products, hormones delivered, and stimulated by nervouss system
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tendon is an extension of
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the covering sheath around the muscle
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musscle fibers are
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parallel to each other
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the open to the t-tubules opent to
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outside the cell
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cisternea stores what ion
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calcium, in preparation to fire the cell
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cisterna are the endss of the ________
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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basic unit of function of musle cell...
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sarcomere
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within the musscle cells there will be large amounts of what organells
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mitochondria
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a motor unit consists of:
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neuron attatched to the cells,
whatever oned does every onter cell does exactly same to same degree of intensity (all or none) |
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propigation
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the domino effect of transfering message down the line of the neuron
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neuro transmitter in muscle
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aceytal choline
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neuro muscular junction
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synapse in muscle
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the action potential goes into the t tube intho where as it travels along the sarcolema
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the heart of the cell , which effects a change within the cell
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neuro muscular junction
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synapse in muscle
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myofibrils appear how in cross section
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with different sized tubes
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the action potential goes into the t tube intho where as it travels along the sarcolema
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the heart of the cell , which effects a change within the cell
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the thin and thick myofiliment is responsible for the appearance of what
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striations
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myofibrils appear how in cross section
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with different sized tubes
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the thin and thick myofiliment is responsible for the appearance of what
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striations
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what attatches to the zline
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ends ot the thin myofilament
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what attatches to the zline
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ends ot the thin myofilament
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I-band consists of what
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the thin myofilamant layers
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I-band consists of what
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the thin myofilamant layers
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a-band consists of what
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the thin and thick layers
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neuro muscular junction
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synapse in muscle
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a-band consists of what
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the thin and thick layers
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H-zone
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the area of just thick myofilament , this is seen when sarcomere is not contracting (at rest)
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the action potential goes into the t tube intho where as it travels along the sarcolema
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the heart of the cell , which effects a change within the cell
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neuro muscular junction
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synapse in muscle
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H-zone
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the area of just thick myofilament , this is seen when sarcomere is not contracting (at rest)
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what are thin myofilaments made of?
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protien actin, tropomyocin,troponin, and ADP active sites
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the action potential goes into the t tube intho where as it travels along the sarcolema
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the heart of the cell , which effects a change within the cell
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myofibrils appear how in cross section
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with different sized tubes
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what are thin myofilaments made of?
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protien actin, tropomyocin,troponin, and ADP active sites
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the repeated unit in the thin myofilament
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Actin
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myofibrils appear how in cross section
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with different sized tubes
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the repeated unit in the thin myofilament
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Actin
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the thin and thick myofiliment is responsible for the appearance of what
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striations
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the thin and thick myofiliment is responsible for the appearance of what
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striations
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what attatches to the zline
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ends ot the thin myofilament
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what attatches to the zline
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ends ot the thin myofilament
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I-band consists of what
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the thin myofilamant layers
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a-band consists of what
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the thin and thick layers
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I-band consists of what
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the thin myofilamant layers
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a-band consists of what
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the thin and thick layers
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H-zone
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the area of just thick myofilament , this is seen when sarcomere is not contracting (at rest)
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H-zone
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the area of just thick myofilament , this is seen when sarcomere is not contracting (at rest)
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what are thin myofilaments made of?
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protien actin, tropomyocin,troponin, and ADP active sites
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what are thin myofilaments made of?
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protien actin, tropomyocin,troponin, and ADP active sites
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the repeated unit in the thin myofilament
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Actin
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the repeated unit in the thin myofilament
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Actin
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troponin/tropomyocin complex
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when cell at rest it covers the actin(ADP ACTIVE SITES) ( this is on the thin layers)
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Myocine globules are where
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on thick layer
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what molecules reside on the myocine globules
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ATP AND ATPase
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globular heads attatch to what to make contraction
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atcin when its exposed
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when the action potential gets into the heart ot the t tubule it is what kind of an event
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electrical ( causes release of calcium)
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Release of calcium causes what 2 things
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wakes up ADPase, which reacts with the atp and cuts off one phosphate to release energy, and motivates the globular heads to interact with the actin.
2) combines with the troponin of the tropomyocine complex to open it and expose actin. thes allow the twolayers to interact and contract |
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the theory involving the thin and thick layer process for contraction is called.....
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sliding monofilament theory
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muscle cells are called
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fibers
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muscle cells nucleus
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mutli neucleated
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sercoplasimic reticulim spirals around??
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tubuel holes
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what is one thing stored in the sacroplasmic reticulum when the muscle fiber/cell is at rest?
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Calcuim Ca
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smallest fuctional unit of function of a skeletal muscle
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Sarcomere
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muscle attatched to at bother ends
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tendons then to bones
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within the cells u will find large nubmers of
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mitochondera: makes energy for cells
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mitochondria can increase in number becuse it has what within in it and can go thru what
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DNA; can under go fission
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motor neurons are also what
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multi polar
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axion ends few as ?
as many as ? |
5; 200 or more
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neuron attatched to the muscle cells comprises a?
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motor unit
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action potential is what down the line of a neuron
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propagated
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in the end of a dentrite wht is stored
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acetal choleine (ach)
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what is the synapse in muscle fiber called
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neuro muscular junction
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myofibrils look like ?
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large holes small holes in cross section
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m-line
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center of the h-band only thick filaments (thier origin)myocin)
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zline
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the origin of the thin filament(actin) of the thin monofilament, begining and end of sarcomere
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i-band
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made of the thin layers (actin)
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a-band
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made up of the thick fibers (Myosin)
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h-zone
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means sarcomere is not contracted, this is where the thin filaments do not reach
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thin filament made up of
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actin , troponin, tropomyocin, adp active sites(velcro)
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adp active sites are like
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THE peicesof VELCRO
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at rest the sites are covered by the..
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troponin tropomyocin complex
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Thick layers ( have "feathers") made of what protien
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myocin. feathers are b globular heads , act like oars rowing boat
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golbular heads attatch to ....
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the adp active sites
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globular heads have what on them
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atp molecules, atp-a
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action potential gets into heart of cell (t-tubule) what kind of event
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electrical
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electriacal distruption causes what molecule to move
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Ca to be released
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Release of the Ca casues what 2 things to occur
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1)atp-ase (wakes up ) then that takes atp~p and breaks of the phosphate which gives it energy to interact with the atp site
2)binds to the troponin , making the adp site open up releasing the ( velcro) for globular head to interact |
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what stops the contraction of the sarcomere
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carrier molecules bring Ca back to storage.
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what is the name of the theory for contraction of sarcomere
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sliding filament theory
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job of aceytal choleine
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bring message across the synapse
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what stored in synaptic knobs
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neuro transmitters in muscles it it aceytal choline
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another name for the cell body?
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Soma
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Dendrites are what part of the neuron?
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the receiving end where stimulis is received
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wht is the axon of a neuron
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long thin " highway" for the impulse to trave along to the synaptic knobs ( ends)
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Globular head os made of what
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Myocine
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what happens to H-zone when sarcomere contracts
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obliterates it
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what two things stop the contraction
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1)removal of Ca by carrier molecules
2)stop action of ach using ach-acturase<- not sure of name |
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example of problems with neuro muscular
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Muscular distrophy, or disorder of breaking down muscle
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the synapse between nerve and muscle fiber is?
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neuro muscular junction
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how long is stored ATP good for
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6 sec
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ADP and Creatine how long is it good for
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ADP~P _> ATP 10-15 sec (100 meter dash)
fast and efficient |
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Glycogen
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myoglobine plentiful in can store 02, needed for use og glycogen
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Anerobic Respiraton of Glucose-> pyruvic acid -> lactic acid, how long lasts?
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equivelent of 100 Meter Swim
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Aerobic respiration or Fats & Glucose
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a) time B) steady -slow (burns fatty acids C) glucose intense action, More efficent that Anerobic
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2 divisions of the Nervous system
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Cns (central nervous system), Pns (periferial Nervous system)
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2 divisions of CNS
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1) Brain
2) Spinal Cord |
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Portions of Brain
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Cerebrum, Diencephlon, Meso encephlon, Pons, Medula oblongota
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2 divisions of the PNS
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1) Somatic
2) autonomic |
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Somatic system controls what
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Skeletal muscle movement,
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2 Parts of the Autonomic nervous system
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1) sympathetic
2) parasympathetic |
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basic unit of function of nervouse system is ?
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neuron
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what are the nervouse system supportive cells
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nuroglial cells
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relfexion
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reflex p ie, pulling off hot plate
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extension
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creating distance
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vague feeling
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the message went somewhwere (thalmus)
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what are the three layers of the spinal cord
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Dura mater- thick strongest layer
arachniod- thin layer , no blood vessels pia mater- supplies many blood cells |
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sub arachniod space is where and whats is in it
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potential space under the arachnoid space contacining cerebral spinal fluid
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Dorsal root contains?
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only sensory axons
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Dorsal root ganglion contains
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neuron cell bodies of sensory neurons
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Ventral root contains?
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only motor axons
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Dorsal Ramus are where , what they do?
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Branches off the spinal nerves, innervt muscles and skin of the back
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Rami connunicantes - where and what contain
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branch of spinal nerves contain axons related to automomic nervous system
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White matter of spinal cord where and what....
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outer portion of spinal cord , contains meylinated axons run along its lengths
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grey matter of spinal cord, what and where
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inner portion of the spinal cord, includes short neurons (interneurons) along with cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminal of other neurons
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Centeral canal what is in it
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cerebral spinal cord
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Grey commisure what
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horozontal band of greay matter surrounding the central canal
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receptors where, what respond to
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located at end of sensory neurons, rspond to 9ex. touch, pressure, to pain stimuli
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integrating center
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regions of the greay matter of the spinal cord, or brain
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where do simple simple refleses pass
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only thru spinal cord
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sensory neuron what do they do
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condust impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord
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poly synaptic reflex involves
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always at least one inter neuron connecting the sensory neuron to the motor neuron
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mono synaptic lacks what
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lacks interneuron, directly connect the sensory neurin the the motor neuron
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effector what
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last component in a somatic reflex arc
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3 largest regions of the brain?
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brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum
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brain stem- what
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located at base fo the brain, contains regulatory centers to control thing we take for granted (respiration, digetsion ect)
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cerebellum where, and what
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bottom and back side, divided to two hemispheres, coordinate skeletal muscles, allows body to maintian posture, balance
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cerebrum where , what
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largest part of the brain, 2 hemispheres, divided by the longitudinal fusser divides it, associated with higer brain functions, plannind reasoning
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brain stem consists of what.
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medula oblongata, pons, midbrain
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medula oblongata control what
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respiratory control, cardio vascular control
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pons controls what
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respiration, relays information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum
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MId brain controls what
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visual andauditory reflex centers, pathway between brainstem and the cerebrum
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Diencephalon where and what 3 parts does it consisit of
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above the brainstem, consists of epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalmus. also includes the corpora quadigemina (sensory relay) and cerebral aquaduct connects the third and fourth vent.
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epithalamus
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roof of third vent. includes pineal cland and the choroid plexus (form csf)
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thalamus, what and function?
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two egg shaped bodies surround the 3rd vent., relays sensory info to cerebral cortex, realys for motor activities and filters information
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hypothalamus what and function?
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forms floor of 3rd vent, controls autonomic centers for heart rate , blood pressure respiration, digestion, hunger, thirst , body temp production of emotions
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medulla oblongatta
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foreman of the brain, thing u dont have direct controll over, sneezing, coughing, breathing
autonomic resonses |
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clumps of greay matter in the brain (neculi) in pairs
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within in cns
called (neculi) |
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outside the cns clumps of grey matter are called
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ganglion
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which of following is formen of the brain
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medulla oblongata
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to cross as in one side to the other side of brain
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decussate
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Pons
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highway or connector
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mesencephalon also called what.
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midbrain
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mesencephalon function
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"baby" buns, center of eye reflex, (superior calliculi) center of auditory reflex (inferior calliculi)
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dorsal surface of the mesencephalon is called what
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corpoa quadragemina
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cerebral peduncle where, whats in it
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inside numerous pair of neculi ( most important) substanta negra
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substancia negra function
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pair of neculi that deals with similar things such as parkinsons
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first layer touched in mid brain is the
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pia mater ( part of the meninges)
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thalamus called and considered
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vague feeling capitol, allso refered to as the gate keeper, 99% of stimuli end in thalamus, if can describe the feeling it has left to cortex
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cerebral aquaduct also called
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aquaduct of sylvias
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pineal body
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secretes melatonin, , may be inlolved with 24 hr rhythums, secretions fluctuate seasonally
, may regulate onset of puberty |
