Muscles / Bio 160

Front 1

Androstenedione

Back 1

occurs naturally in the body when it is synthesizing the sex hormone testosterone.

Front 2

creatine

Back 2

1) performance enhancer 2)a short chain of amino acids 3) muscle cells use it as a quick energy source when they must contract hard and fast 4) evidancethat excessive creatine damages the kidneys

Front 3

Muscular system

Back 3

workings of skeletal muscles

Front 4

Muscle Cells

Back 4

1) generate force by contracting. 2) bundled together by connective tissue that extends past them to form tendons

Front 5

skeletal muscles

Back 5

1) attach to and interact with bones. Only skeletal muscle interacts with the skeleton to move the body, its limbs, or other parts. 2) helps stebilize joints between bones, and generate body heat 3) contains bundles of muscle cells.

Front 6

Tendons

Back 6

1) a cord or strap of dense connective tissue, attaches a muscle to bone, attaches a muscle to bone 2) tendons make joints more stable by helping keep the adjoining bomes preperly aligned. Tendons often rub against bones, but they slide inside fluid-filled sheaths that help reduce the friction.

Front 7

sheaths

Back 7

your knees , wrists, and finger joints have sheaths

Front 8

origin

Back 8

1) one end of muscle is attached to a bone that stays relatively motionless durring a movement

Front 9

insertion

Back 9

1) one end of muscle is attached to the bone that moves most

Front 10

Bones (and therefore other body parts) move when____________pull on them

Back 10

skeletal muscles

Front 11

__________strap skeletal muscles to bone

Back 11

Tendons

Front 12

Muscles can work together to ____1____ a movement, or the action of one can_____2______or______3_______the action of another.

Back 12

1)generate 2)oppose 3)reverse

Front 13

excitability

Back 13

muscle tissue can use an ion gradient to both receive and respond to a stimulus

Front 14

contractillity

Back 14

contraction or the ability to shorten

Front 15

extensibility

Back 15

the ability to be stretched

Front 16

elasticity

Back 16

the ability to return to its original shape

Front 17

each muscles is composed of elongated muscle cells called________which contains _________, __________, __________, _________, __________

Back 17

Muscle fibers, sarcolemma (plasma membrane), sarcoplasm (cytoplasm), sarcoplasmic reticulum (the er), transvers tubules, traids (t-tubules and sr on eaither side)

Front 18

* Muscle fibers are further divided into __________

Back 18

myofibrils

Front 19

*Myofibrils are composed of the myofilaments ___________ and_________

Back 19

actin, myosin

Front 20

myofilaments are arranged into____________

Back 20

sarcomeres (not in smooth muscle

Front 21

actin

Back 21

a golbular contractile protein, In muscle cells, actin interacts with another protein, myosin, to bring about contraction.

Front 22

**actin and myosin arrangements

Back 22

1) actin (thin) filamen 2) actin is a double stranded protein that entwines helically. 3) contains myosin binding sites 4) troprnin/tropomyosin protein complex adhere to actin and block myosin binding

Front 23

*troponin / tropomyosin complex

Back 23

obscures myosin binding sites on actin. The binding of calcium to troponin alters the shape of this complex revealing the myosin binding sites

Front 24

myosin

Back 24

a contractile protein. In muscle cells, it interacts with the protein actein to bring about contraction

Front 25

*_________(_____)______ is shaped like a golf club head that functions in forming a crossbridge with an actin binding site

Back 25

Myosin (thick) filament

Front 26

*the myosin head contains an _________________

Back 26

ATP binding site

Front 27

myosin crossbridges attach to the actin binding site and a ____________ occurs. This causes the ____molecules to slide towards the opposite ________and the_________shortens. The energy comes from_________

Back 27

powerstroke, Z-disk, sarcomere, APT

Front 28

*_______ must be present for actin / myosin binding

Back 28

calcium

Front 29

**muscle fibers contract when they receive a stimulus from the __________

Back 29

nervous system

Front 30

**the axon of the _________has terminal axons that come close to the sarcolemma but that leave a small gap

Back 30

motor neuron

Front 31

***the junction between the sarcolemma and axon terminal is called the ____________or_______________

Back 31

motor end plate, neuromuscular junction

Front 32

**the synaptic end bulb contains many tiny sacs termed ____________

Back 32

synaptic vesicles

Front 33

**synaptic vesicles contain a neuro- transmitter called _________________

Back 33

acetylcholine (Ach)

Front 34

**the _____________ refers to the gapbetween the end bulb and the sarcolemma

Back 34

synaptic cleft

Front 35

**_______________increase the surface are for A Ch binding

Back 35

subneural clefts

Front 36

**___________are integral proteins located in the sarcolemma and function as ligand Na gates

Back 36

A Ch

Front 37

ATP(adenosine triphosphate)

Back 37

a nucleotide composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. As the main energy carrier in cells, it directly or indirectly delivers energy to or picks up energy from nearly all metabolic pathways.

Front 38

**neuromuscular junction

Back 38

chemical synapse between axon terminals of a motor neuron and a muscle cell

Front 39

motor neuron

Back 39

a neuron that delivers signals fron the brain and spinal cord that can stimulate or inhibits the body's effectors (muscles, glands, or both).

Front 40

acetylcholine (A Ch)

Back 40

a neurotransmitter that can excite or inhibit various target cells in the brain, spinal cord, glands, and muscles.

Front 41

**synapse occurs** a _______reaches the axon terminal

Back 41

nerve impulse

Front 42

**synapse occurs** the end bulb becomes permeable to ________

Back 42

calcium ions

Front 43

**synapse occurs** calcium ions attach to ______________causing them to move towards and merge with the end bulb

Back 43

synaptic vesicles

Front 44

**synapse occurs** the synaptic vesicles release ____________ into the synaptic cleft

Back 44

acetylcholine (Ach)

Front 45

**synapse occurs** acetylcholine binds to receptors ligand gated Na receptors located in the ________ . This causes _______________ to open causing a massive influx of Na into the muscle cell. This causes an _____________within the muscle fiber.

Back 45

subneural clefts, Na channels, action potential

Front 46

**physiology of contraction** an action potential travels along the sarcolemma, across the T-tubules and into the _______

Back 46

triads

Front 47

**physiology of contraction** the ___ releases calcium into the sarcoplasm

Back 47

SR

Front 48

**physiology of contraction** calcium binds to ___________

Back 48

troponin

Front 49

**physiology of contraction** troponin

Back 49

calcium binding causes the troponin / tropomyosin complex to alter its shape and the myosin binding sites on actin are revealed

Front 50

**physiology of contraction** ATP is already attached to myosin and now the nyosin head binds with ___________

Back 50

actin

Front 51

**physiology of contraction** myosin, using the power provided by its ATP, pulls ________ towards itself (powerstroke). ATP is degraded in this process to ________and____

Back 51

actin, ADP, P

Front 52

**physiology of contraction** the myosin head cannot release from actin untill another ATP attaches to _______

Back 52

myosin

Front 53

**cessation of contraction**** Ach is destroyed by an enzyme located in the synaptic cleft called _______________

Back 53

acetylecholinesterase ( erase / stop contraction)

Front 54

**physiology of contraction** calcium ions are actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by _______________. ___________ and __________ are two proteins that aid this process

Back 54

calcium active transport pumps, calsequestrin and calcium ATPase

Front 55

**physiology of contraction** ____________/__________ are anticholinesterases which inhibit breakdown of Ach causing prolonged tetanic contractions. ___________ inhibits the action of Ach at postganglionic sites.

Back 55

Organophospates / nerve agents ( pestisides ), atropine ( to restart the heart , block acetylecholine )

Front 56

______ supplies the energy required for contraction

Back 56

ATP

Front 57

a high energy molcule stored in muscle tissue, called __________________, allows for the regeneration of spent ATP (ADP + P) by donating its high energy phosphate to ADP.

Back 57

phosphocreatine (phosphagen system relyes on phosphocreatine)

Front 58

_________ occurs in large concentrations in muscle and is taken ion large amounts by bodybuilders

Back 58

creatine (CH3, methylated arginine / glycine complex)

Front 59

energy for contraction - glycogen

Back 59

lactic acid production - a storage polysaccharide that can be readily broken down into glucose subunits.

Front 60

energy for contraction - glucose

Back 60

is stored as glycogen inside muscle and liver cells