Muscles And Locomotion

Front 1

Muscles and Locomotion: Unicellular Locomotion

what parts play part in motion?

what are the two types of strokes?

Back 1

- cilia or flagella

- use POWER STROKE, done by microtubules sliding against each other.

- RECOVERY STROKE; movement of cilia or flagella to original position

Front 2

Invertebrate locomotion

2 types

Back 2

A. Hydrostatic Skeleton

B. Exoskeleton

Front 3

Hydrostatic skeleton

2 examples

Back 3

- flatworms

- segmented worms

Front 4

Hydrostatic skeleton: flatworms

what are the muscles involved?

what happens when each muscle type contracts, how are they different?

Back 4

- two layers of muscles
> longitudinal
> circular

- they contract against imcompressible fluid (hydrostatic skeleton)

- circular contracts, INCREASED LENGTH
- longitudinal contracts, DECREASED LENGTH

Front 5

Hydrostatic Skeleton: Segmented Worms

Back 5

- each seperate segment can expand or contract independently.

Front 6

Exoskeleton

how do they grow?

what phylum is a good example in this type?

Back 6

- exoskeleton limits growth
>solved by molting, enables larger size.

- Arthropods.
>all exoskeletons composed of non-cellular material secreted by epidermis

Front 7

Vertebrate Skeleton

two major components

Back 7

- muscles are attached to bone, enabling movement

- bone and cartilage

Front 8

Cartilage

location?

Back 8

- type of connective tissue

- external ear, nose, larynx and trachea, and skeletal joints

Front 9

Bone

two types of bone?

Back 9

- mineralized connective tissue

- compact bone and spongy bone

Front 10

Compact Bone: Structure

Back 10

- dense, no cavities

- bony matrix in structural units called OSTEONS
> has central micro-canal (Haversian canal)
>surrounded by circles of bone matrix called LAMELLAE

Front 11

Spongy Bone: Structure


what are the cavities filled with?

Back 11

- less dense

- interconnected lattice of bony spicules (trabeculae)
>cavities between spicules is filled with yellow or red marrow

Front 12

Spony Bone: Marrow

Back 12

- yellow marrow
> inactive, infiltrated by adipose tissue

- red marrow
> involved in Blood cell (erthrocyte) formation.

Front 13

Osteocytes

2 types

what happens to one when it is surrounded by matrix?

Back 13

- Osteoblasts - synthesize and secrete compounds of bone matrix. once surrounded, becomes osteocyte.

- Osteoclasts - destroy bone, helpful in resorption and breakdown of bone.

Front 14

Bone formation

2 types

Back 14

- Endochondral ossification
> existing cartilage is converted to bone.

- Intramembranous ossification
> mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue is converted to bone.

Front 15

Organization of Vertebrate Skeleton

two parts

Back 15

- axial skeleton

- appendicular skeleton

Front 16

Axial skeleton

Back 16

- skull

- vertebral column

- rib cage

Front 17

Appendicular skeleton

Back 17

- bones of appendages

- pectoral/pelvic girdles

Front 18

Bone Connectivity

Back 18

1. Sutures
> immovable joints, hold bones of skull together.

2. moveable bones relative to each other connected by movable joints, strengthened by ligaments.

3. Tendons
> attach skeletal muscle to bones and bend skeleton at movable joints.

Front 19

Muscular System

3 types of muscle?

Back 19

- Skeletal

- Cardiac

- Smooth

Front 20

Skeletal Muscle

what type of movement?

Back 20

- voluntary movement

- innervated by SNS

-striated muscle

Front 21

Muscle Fiber anatomy (going from inside out)

what is stored in the Muscle fiber? where?

Back 21

1. sarcomere
2. myofibrils
3. sarcoplasmic recticulum (stores Ca2)
4. muscle fiber

- cytoplasm of muscle fiber is sarcoplasm
- cell membrane is sarcolemma
> able to propagate A.P.'s. connects to Transverse tubules (T system)
-> oriented perpendicular to myofibrils
-> channels for ion flow, can propagate A.P.'s

Front 22

The Sarcomere

two types of filaments

Back 22

- Thin filaments, made up of chains of Actin

- Thick filaments, made up of organized bundles of Myosin.

Front 23

Sarcomere: structure (ZMIHA)

Back 23

- Z lines: boundaries of single sarcomere and anchor thin filaments

- M lines: runs down center of sarcomere

- I band: region with only thin filaments.

- H zone: region with only thick filaments.

- A band: spans length of thck filaments, and overlaps portions of thin.

Front 24

Neuromuscular junction

Back 24

- link between nerve terminal and sarcolemma

Front 25

Contraction of muscle fiber

6 steps

Back 25

1. SNS depolarizes Motor neuron, release Ach into cleft, binding occurs on receptors of sarcolemma.

2. enough bound Ach, causes A.P.'s to conduct down sarcolemma and T system and into muscle fiber interior.

3. causes sarcoplasmic recticulum to release Ca2+ into sarcoplasm

4. initiates contraction of sarcomere by binding tropomyosin

5. allows actin and myosin to slide by each other

6. sarcomere contracts.

Front 26

Stimulus and Muscle response

what type of response do individual muscle fibers exhibit

what is necessary for contraction to occur?

Back 26

- all or nothing response

- when there is a stimulus above threshold, contraction will occur.

Front 27

Twitchy twitchy twitchy

what is the two parts of stimulant needed for contraction?

Back 27

- Simple twitch

- summation and tetanus

Front 28

Simple twitch

periods?

whats another name for the last period?

Back 28

- latent period: time between stimulation and onset of contraction

- Contraction period: A.P.'s spread along sarcolemma
> Ca2+ released into sarcoplasm

- Relaxation period (absolute refractory period): muscle unresponsive to stimulus for a small period of time.

Front 29

Summation and Tetanus

Back 29

- contractions combine
> summation

- muscle doesn't relax
> tetanus contraction.

Front 30

What is Tonus?

Back 30

- state of partial contraction. muscle never completely relaxed, maintain partial state at all times.

Front 31

Smooth muscle

location?

what type of actions?

what innervates it?

Back 31

- digestive tract, bladder, uterus, blood vessel walls.

- involuntary actions, no striation

- Autonomic nervous system innervates smooth

- can possess one central nucleus in smooth muscle cells.

Front 32

Cardiac Muscle

two types?

Back 32

- both skeletal and smooth characteristics

- Skeletal Cardiac: striated
> sarcomeres

- Smooth Cardiac: CMC's have only one or two central located nuclei.
> it is controlled by ANS mostly.