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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
action
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the dynamic motion or movement produced when the muscles contract
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insertion
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the part of the muscle attached to the moving point
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origin
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the part of the muscle attached to the stable point
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axial muscles
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muscles that:
- usually originate and insert on the axial skeleton - position the head - position the vertebral column - move the ribs - compress the abdomen |
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appendicular muscles
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muscles that stabilize the pectoral and pelvic girdles and move the upper and lower limbs.
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fascicle
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bundle of muscle cells (muscle fibers)
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parallel muscle
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fascicles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle;
terminates at either end in a broad tendon; example: biceps brachii |
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fusiform muscle
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parallel fascicle with a thicker belly (central body);
terminates at either end in a broad tendon; example: biceps brachii |
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pennate muscle
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fascicle forms an oblique angle to the tendon (like a feather)
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unipennate muscle
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short pennate fascicles run down one side of the tendon;
example: extensor digitorum longus |
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bipennate muscle
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short pennate fascicles run down both sides of the tendon;
example: rectus femoris |
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multipennate muscle
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muscle where the tendon branches within the muscle and short pennate fascicles are attached to each tendon branch;
example: deltoid |
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convergent muscle
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long fascicles of muscles based over a broad area that converge, coming together at a common attachment site;
example: pectoralis major |
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sphincter
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circular muscle;
fascicles are concentrically arranged around an opening or recess; examples: orbicularis oris (around mouth), orbicularis oculi (around eye) |
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aponeuroses
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collagenous sheets or ribbons that resemble flat, broad tendons;
may cover the surface of a muscle and assist in attaching superficial muscles to another muscle or structure |
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tendons
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cords of dense regular tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bone;
the collagen fibers run along the longitudinal axis of the bone |
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fascicular arrangement
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the arrangement of fascicles determines range and power;
example: parallel muscle - longer fascicles produce greater range of movement; example: multipennate muscle - more fascicles produce more power |
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lever
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rigid structure that moves at a fixed point called the fulcrum;
anatomically, the bone is the lever and the joint is the fulcrum |
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fulcrum
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the fixed point upon which a lever moves;
anatomically, the joint is the fulcrum and the bone is the lever |
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applied force
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the force applied to the lever to move a load or weight or counteract a resistance;
anatomically, muscle contraction is the applied force |
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resistance
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the load or weight being moved by the applied force to a lever
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first-class lever
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lever in which the fulcrum is between the applied force and the resistance;
common example: seesaw; anatomical example: fulcrum: atlanto-occipital joint; force: splenius capitis; weight: head |
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second-class lever
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lever in which the resistance is between the applied force and the fulcrum;
common example: wheelbarrow; anatomical example: fulcrum: metatarsophalangeal joints (ball of foot); force: gastrocnemius; weight: body mass on middle of foot during plantar flexion while standing |
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third-class lever
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lever in which the applied force is between the resistance and the fulcrum;
common examples: baseball bat, tweezers; anatomical example: fulcrum: elbow; force: biceps brachii; weight: forearm and hand |
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linea alba
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(white line) tendinous band that runs along the midline of the rectus abdominis
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group action
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the action produced at a joint by a group of muscles working together;
a muscle in the group may play the role of agonist, antagonist, synergist, or fixator in order to perform the action; example: group action: flex forearm at elbow; agonist: biceps brachii; antagonist: triceps brachii; synergist: brachialis, brachioradialis; fixator: deltoid, pectoralis major, etc. |
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agonist
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the muscle that contracts to produce the action;
it is the muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for producing the particular movement |
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prime mover
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agonist
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antagonist
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the muscle that relaxes when the agonist contracts
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synergist
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the muscle that also contracts to help the agonist
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fixator
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the muscle that contracts in order to stabilize the joint
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