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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Bones and skeletal muscles work together to produce body movement where?
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Joints (where two bones meet)
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What is the most common joint type?
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Synovial joints
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what does Diarthroses mean
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Freely movable joints
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Why are certain joints classified as synovial
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Because the joint cavity between the articulating bones is lined by a synovial membrane
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How many anatomical plains are there
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3
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What are the three anatomical planes
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Sagittal plane,
frontal plane, transverse plane |
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What vertical anatomical plane divides the body or a body part into right and left portions
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Sagittal plane
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what vertical anatomical plane divides the body or body parts into anterior and posterior portions
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Frontal plane
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what anatomical plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions
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Transverse plane
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How are joints classified
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By structure and function
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What are the three types of joints?
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Fibrous.
cartilaginous. synovial |
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Where are suture joints found?
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Skull
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What are joints that are held by a ligament called?
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Syndesmosis
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The periodontal ligament that holds teeth in their sockets are what type of joint?
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Gomphosis
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what is Synarthroses?
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Immovable joint
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what is Amphiarthrosis?
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Slightly movable joints
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what is Diarthrosis
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Free movable joints
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What type of joints are found predominantly in the limbs?
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Diarthrosis
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What type of joints can we both rigid and slightly movable?
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Cartilaginous joints
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What are two types of cartilaginous joints?
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Synchondrosis.
Symphysis. |
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What is the joint called where a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bone
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Synchondrosis
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What is the joint called where fibrocartilage unites bone
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Symphysis
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What type of joint has a particular articulating bone separated by a fluid containing joint cavity?
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Synovial joint
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What are the six distinguishing features of a synovial joint?
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Articular cartilage.
joint cavity. articular capsule. synovial fluid. reinforcing ligaments. nervous and blood vessels. |
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What is the unique feature of synovial joints?
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Joint cavity
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What type of fluid has an egg white consistency
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Synovial fluid
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What is the function of synovial fluid?
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Reduces friction.
has nutrients that nourishes articulating cartilage. has phagocytes to keep joint cavity clean. |
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What is the combination of flexion-extension and abduction-adduction called?
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Circumduction
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what is the rotation of a bone around its own longitudinal axis called?
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Rotation
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what is it called when the forearm is rotated laterally so that the palm faces forward?
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Supination
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What is it called on forearm is rotated medially so that the palm faces backwards
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Pronation
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Flexing the foot is called what?
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dorsiflexion
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Extending the foot is called what?
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Plantar flexion
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What is it called when the plantar surface (sole of foot) is moved the face medially
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Inversion
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Moving your foot so that the planter surface faces latterly is called
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eversion
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Movement of the mandible forward in the transverse plane is called
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protraction
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Movement of the mandible backwards in the transverse plane is called
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Retraction
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Touching the thumb to any of the tips of the other digits is called
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Opposition
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a Synovial joint ball socket allows for what type of movements
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Flexation-extension.
abduction-adduction. circumduction. rotation. |
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A hinge type of synovial joint allows for what type of movement
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flexion-extension
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The synovial joint ,saddle joint, allows for what type of movement
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Flexion extension
abduction-adduction circumduction |
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pivot joints allows what type of movement.
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Rotation
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The synovial joint "gliding plane" allows what type of movement
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Gliding
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What joints allow movement in the sagittal plane
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Ball and socket joints.
condylar joints. hinge joints. saddle joints. |
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What joints allow movement in the frontal plane
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Ball and socket joints
condylar joints saddle joints |
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What joints allow rotation?
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Ball and socket joints
pivot joints |
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What joints allow circumduction?
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Ball and socket joint
condylar joint saddle joint |
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The deep fascia is a sheet of what?
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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What is the deep fascia do?
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Separates the muscle compartments in the Lambs.
Separates individual muscles |
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What is the Epimysium of a skeletal muscle.
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Layer of dense irregular connective tissue around the muscle
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what is the Perimysium of skeletal muscle
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A layer of less dense connective tissue surrounding each fascicle
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What is the Endomysium of skeletal muscle.
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A layer of fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber
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The connective tissues of the deep fascia, the Epimysium, Perimysium, and Endomysium continue past each end of the muscle to form. ...?
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Tendon or Aponeurosis. that connects the muscle to the periosteum of a bone
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What is the purpose of tendons and aponeurosis?;
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Create extremely strong attachment between muscle and bone.
Allows the pulling force of muscle to be transferred to bone |
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What is the structural levels of skeletal muscle
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Muscle.
Fascicle Muscle Fiber Myofibril or Fibril Sarcomere Myofilament or filament |
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What does a thick filament consists of?
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Myosin molecules whose heads protrude at opposite ends of the filament.
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What does thin filament consists of?
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Two strands of actin subunits twisted into a helix plus two types of regulatory proteins. (troponin and tropomyosin)
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What is the structure
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Myofibril
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Identify the sarcomere cross section
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I band
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Identify the sarcomere cross section
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H zone
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Identify the sarcomere cross section
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M line
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Identify the sarcomere cross section
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Zone of overlap
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Identify the molecule
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Myosin molecule
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Which filament has a ATP binding site?
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thick. ( myosin molecule)
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Identify A
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Z disk
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Identify B
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H zone
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Identify C
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M line
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Identify D
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Thin filament (actin)
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Identify E
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Thick filament myosin
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Identify A
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Actin binding sites of a Myosin molecule
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Identified B
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ATP binding site
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identify C
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Heads of Myosin molecule
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Identified D
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Flexible hinge region of Myosin molecule
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Identify E
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Tail
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Identify F
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myosin molecule
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Identify G
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thin filament
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Identify H
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Tropomyosin molecule
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Identify I
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troponin molecule
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Identify J
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Actin molecule
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What can be described as one big continuous net that wraps around all of the myofibrils within the muscle cell
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
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To store Ca2+
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What is Terminal cisternae
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Enlarged sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) tubules that store more Ca2+
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What does the T in T tubule stand for.
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Transverse tubule
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Where are the T tubules located?
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Between each pair of terminal cisternae
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How are T tubules formed
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By an invagination of the sarcolemma and consequently continuous with it.
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Each pair of terminal cisternae plus the T Tubule between them is called what?
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Triad
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What does the "Triad" of the sarcoplasmic reticulum consist of?
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Terminal cisternae plus the T tubule between them
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What part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is continuous with the sarcolemma?
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T tubules
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Thin and thick filaments overlap only at the ends of the A band in what type of sarcomere.
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Relaxed sarcomere
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When thin filaments slide toward the M line pulling the Z discs closer together and causing the sarcomere to shorten, what kind of sarcomere is this?
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Contracted sarcomere
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What is the shortening of a muscle fiber called
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Contraction
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During the contraction of a muscle fiber, what do the I bands do?
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Shorten
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During the contraction of a muscle fiber, do the thin filaments remain the same length, shorten, or disappear.
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Remain the same like
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During the contraction of a muscle fiber, do A bands remain the same length, shorten, or disappear?
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Remain the same length
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During the contraction of a muscle fiber, do the H bands remain the same length, shorten, or disappear?
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Disappear
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how many phases is muscle contraction divided into?
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3
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What are the three phases of muscle contraction?
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Excitation,
excitation contraction coupling, contraction cross bridge cycle. |
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What is An action potential in a nerve cell that leads to an action potential in a muscle cell
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Excitation
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What are nerve cells that stimulate (excite) skeletal muscle cells called?
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Motor neuron
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What are the two types of nerve processes
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Dendrites,
axon |
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What is ATP's role during the cross bridge cycle
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Moves myosin heads to their high energy position.
detaches myosin head from actin. moves Ca2+ back into the SR by primary active transport |
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Describe the cross bridge cycle
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All of the thin filaments in the muscle cell or pulled towards the center of their respective sarcomeres
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The brain and spinal cord are part of what nervous system
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Central nervous system
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The nerves and ganglia are apart of what nervous system
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Peripheral nervous system
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What is a motor unit
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One motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates
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Muscles that exert "fine control" have how many muscle fibers in each of your motor units?
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as few as 4 muscle fibers
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What kind of muscles have as many as seven hundred muscle fibers per motor unit
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Bearing muscles
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What do muscle cells store
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ATP,
creatine phosphate, glycogen. |
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How many thick filaments can a single muscle fiber have
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15 billion
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When the fiber is contracting how much ATP does each thick filament breakdown
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Roughly 2500 ATP molecules per second
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How much ATP do muscle cells store.
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Enough for 6 seconds worth of contractile activity
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How many ways can ATP be regenerated
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3
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What are the three ways ATP is regenerated
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Phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate.
Anaerobic regeneration. aerobic regeneration. |
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What is good about phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate?
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Involves only one chemical reaction, so produces ATP quickly
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What is bad about phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate?
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Muscle cells can store only so much creatine phosphate, so creatine phosphate is used up after about 10 seconds of rigorous contractile activity.
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what is glycolysis
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Conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
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What respiration produces the most ATP?
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Aerobic respiration
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What are the negatives to aerobic respiration?
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Limited by 02 availability
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What are the positives to aerobic respiration
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Total of 34 ATP per glucose molecule. CO2 is less toxic than lactic acid.
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Why does anaerobic respiration occur
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Because Arabic respiration is unable to supply all of the ATP for contraction
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What are the positives to anaerobic respiration
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Not limited by 02 availability
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What are the negatives to anaerobic respiration
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Total of 2 ATP per glucose molecule. Lactic acid more toxic than CO2.
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during 6 seconds of intense short duration exercise where does ATP come from
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ATP stored in muscle
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During 10 seconds of intense short duration exercise, where does ATP come from?
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creatine phosphate and ADP
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During 30 to 40 seconds of intense short-duration exercise how is ATP formed
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Glycogen stored in muscles is broken down into glucose, which is oxidized to generate ATP by anaerobic respiration
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Which respiration provides most of the energy in sports involving intense bursts of activity lasting between approximately 15 seconds in one minute
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Anaerobic respiration
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Low intensity prolonged exercise such as marathon running uses what type of restoration
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Aerobic respiration
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Why does exercise lower blood pH?
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anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid.
increased Arabic respiration produces more Co2. |
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What causes the respiratory center in the brain to increase breathing during exercise
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A drop in blood p H
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Arrange the following from the molecular level to the organ level:
Actin and myosin molecules, fascicle, fiber, febrile, filament, muscle, sarcomere, |
Actin and myosin molecules,
filament, sarcomere, fibril, fiber, fascicle, muscle. |
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What are bundles of muscle cells called
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Fascicles
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What is the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber?
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Sarcolemma
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What is the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
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Sarcoplasm
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fiber
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
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What are the sac like enlargements of sarcoplasmic reticulum for increased storage of ca2+
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Terminal cisterns
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What are tubular invaginations of sarcolemma that conduct action potentials into muscle fiber
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Transverse tubules
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What are the thread like organelles extending the length of a muscle fiber
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Myofibrils
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Segments of a myofibril that contain the filaments
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Sarcomere
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Components of the cytoskeleton
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myofilaments
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what is o2 binding red protein pigment in fibers
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Myoglobin
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What is the contractile protein composing thin filaments
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Actin
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What is the contractile protein composing thick filaments
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Myosin
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What is the regulatory protein that covers the myosin binding sites in a relaxed fiber
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Tropomyosin
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what is the regulatory protein that holds the tropomyosin of a thin filament in one place?
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Troponin
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What is the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres
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Z disc
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In the sarcomere What can contain thin, but no thick, filaments.
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I BaNd
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Contains thick but no thin filaments.
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H zone
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What is formed by supporting proteins holding the thick filaments together at the center of the H zone
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M line
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What part of the sarcomere contains both thin and thick filaments
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Zone of overlap
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Do I-bands appear darker or lighter under the microscope
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lighter
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Why do i bands appear lighter under the microscope
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Because they are less dense
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Do the zones of overlap in A bands appear lighter or darker under the microscope
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darker
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What part of the nerve cell contains a nucleus
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Cell body
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What is the space called between the nerve cell and muscle cell
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Synaptic cleft
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What organelle contains ACh?
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Synaptic vesicle
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What do you call a motor neuron plus the muscle fibers it stimulates
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Motor unit
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What contains synaptic vesicles
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axon terminal
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What parts of a motor neuron are located inside the brain or spinal cord
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Cell body and dendrites
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In a sarcomere what shortens but does not disappear during contraction
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i bands
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In a sarcomere what remains the same length during contraction
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A bands.
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What does troponin tropomyosin complex do when a muscle fiber is relaxed
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Change shape
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What is responsible for the opening of the calcium channels in the SR membrane
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Transmission of action potential down T tubules in the triads
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What causes the troponin tropomyosin complex is to change shape and move out of the way of the binding sites?
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The binding of Ca+ to troponin
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Andrew sprinted the hundred meter dash in 10 seconds where does the ATP come from?
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Stored ATP and CP
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Mary lifts 200 pounds in competition, it takes 5 seconds to get the barbell over her head. where did the ATP come from?
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Stored ATP
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It takes Tom 35 seconds to swim 100 meters as fast as he can. Wear did the ATP come from?
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Anaerobic respiration
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Susan jogs 5 miles 4 times a week where does the ATP come from
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Aerobic respiration
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Glycolysis begins with what compound
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Glucose
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Besides ATP what is the other product of glycolysis
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Pyruvic acid
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When there isn't enough oxygen available to the cells pyruvic acid is broken down to what compound
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Lactic acid
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When enough oxygen is available, to what compounds is pyruvic acid broken down?
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Carbon dioxide and water
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The chemical reaction catalyzed by creatine phosphate yields ATP and what other compound?
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Creatine
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Production of too much ....... causes a drop in cytosol pH disabling enzymes and resulting in muscle fatigue
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Lactic acid
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