Muscle Pass

Front 1

What are the 3 types of muscle?

Back 1

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

Front 2

What types of muscle are striated?

Back 2

cardiac and skeletal

Front 3

What are the striations in skeletal and cardiac muscle from?

Back 3

sarcomeres

Front 4

What muscles use intracellular Ca for contraction?

Back 4

all

Front 5

Why do smooth muscles appear smooth?

Back 5

lack of sarcomeres

Front 6

What happens to skeletal muscle if you cut the nerve? Why?

Back 6

it dies because it's electrochemically coupled to the nerve (married)

Front 7

What does it mean to say that skeletal muscle exhibits recruitment?

Back 7

it recruits more motor units as you need them

Front 8

What happens when you repeatedly stimulate skeletal muscle?

Back 8

it gets bigger

Front 9

Does cardiac muscle need extracellular calcium? Why?

Back 9

yes, to trigger intracellular Ca release

Front 10

What does cardiac muscle have the most of? Why?

Back 10

gap junctions because the whole heart must contract together

Front 11

Can cardiac muscle function without innervation?

Back 11

yes

Front 12

Can smooth muscle function without innervation?

Back 12

yes

Front 13

What is the only muscle type that relies on nerve fibers?

Back 13

skeletal

Front 14

What does smooth muscle need extracellular muscle for?

Back 14

to trigger it's second messenger

Front 15

Where is every protein that the muscle needs made?

Back 15

in the soma (cell body)

Front 16

What protein does retrograde transport in the nerve?

Back 16

dynein

Front 17

What protein does anterograde transport in the nerve?

Back 17

kinesin

Front 18

What does botulinum toxin do?

Back 18

inhibits the presynaptic release of Ach

Front 19

Can muscles contract without energy?

Back 19

yes

Front 20

Do muscles need energy to relax?

Back 20

yes

Front 21

What is the 1st step in muscle contraction?

Back 21

Ca binds troponin C

Front 22

What is the second step in muscle contraction?

Back 22

troponin C releases troponin I

Front 23

What is the 3rd step in muscle contraction?

Back 23

troponin I releases tropomyosin

Front 24

What does tropomyosin do?

Back 24

releases actin binding sites

Front 25

What happens next?

Back 25

myosin heads bind to the actin binding sites and contraction occurs

Front 26

What does the myosin head release when it binds? What does it bind after the release?

Back 26

ADP from the previous round and binds a fresh ATP

Front 27

What does the myosin head do to the ATP?

Back 27

hydrolyze

Front 28

Once the ATP is hydrolyzed, what happens?

Back 28

release and the head returns to the starting position

Front 29

What releases intracellular Ca from SER stores?

Back 29

DHP + rayodine arm

Front 30

What is the first thing that happens after an MI?

Back 30

Na-K pump stops

Front 31

What are the first signs of an MI on an EKG in order of appearance?

Back 31

peaked T-wave > ST-depression > ST-elevation > T-wave depression, then inversion > Q-wave

Front 32

What does an ST depression mean?

Back 32

at least 70% stenosis- subendocardial

Front 33

What does an ST elevation mean?

Back 33

at least 90% stenosis- transmural (all 3 layers affected)

Front 34

What is the first enzyme to test for if you suspect an MI? When does it show up and when does it peak?

Back 34

troponin I- rises in 2 h and peaks in 2 days, but stays positive for 7 days

Front 35

What is the next enzyme to appear after an MI?

Back 35

ck-mb rises in 6 hours, peaks in 12 hours, and gone in 24-36

Front 36

What is the last enzyme to show up after an MI?

Back 36

LDH 1- rises in 24 hours, peaks in 48 hours, and gone in 72 hours

Front 37

What does a brown recluse spider inject? What does it do?

Back 37

collagenase- necroses tissue right away

Front 38

What does a black widow bite do?

Back 38

causes massive release of Ach

Front 39

In the sarcomere, where is ck-mb found?

Back 39

in the M-line

Front 40

In the sarcomere, which unit is thin? Which is thick?

Back 40

actin- thin
myosin- thick

Front 41

Which filament is attached to the Z-line?

Back 41

actin

Front 42

What is the only band that does not over lap? What is it comprised of?

Back 42

I band- just actin

Front 43

What is the H-band made up of?

Back 43

just myosin

Front 44

What is the A-band comprised of? How long is it?

Back 44

actin and myosin- it's the length of myosin

Front 45

Where are skeletal t-tubules found?

Back 45

at the A/I junction

Front 46

What is the H-band comprised of?

Back 46

just myosin

Front 47

Where are cardiac muscle t-tubules found?

Back 47

at the Z line

Front 48

What are the 2 bands that shrink with contraction?

Back 48

H, I

Front 49

Does smooth muscle have sarcomeres?

Back 49

no

Front 50

Does smooth muscle contain troponin? Actin? Myosin?

Back 50

troponin- no
actin- yes
myosin- yes

Front 51

How is actin and myosin setup in smooth muscle?

Back 51

always bound

Front 52

What does smooth muscle contain that the other 2 types of muscle do not?

Back 52

basal bodies

Front 53

What kind of kinases does smooth muscle have?

Back 53

myosin light chain kinase- MLCK
myosin light chain phosphatase- MLCP

Front 54

What is the only band that does not change size in the sarcomere?

Back 54

A band

Front 55

What is decreased or no bowel sounds called?

Back 55

Ilieus

Front 56

What is a hyperactive or increased bowel sounds called?

Back 56

gastroenteritis

Front 57

What do rushing bowel sounds indicate?

Back 57

obstruction

Front 58

As muscle contracts, what happen to length?

Back 58

decreases

Front 59

What increases as muscle contracts?

Back 59

force and tension

Front 60

At what length does maximum muscle tension occur?

Back 60

2.5 um

Front 61

Where are Golgi tendon organs located?

Back 61

at muscle insertions

Front 62

What is the function of golgi tendon organs?

Back 62

monitor the force of muscle contractions

Front 63

How long can muscle hold maximum contraction force? What causes this?

Back 63

1 sec- golgi tendon organ monitors this

Front 64

Once muscle fires, what must it do? Why?

Back 64

relax to prevent damage to the sarcomere

Front 65

What does a muscle do when it tears? Why?

Back 65

it spasms to keep the fibers together for healing

Front 66

What is the treatment for a torn muscle?

Back 66

rest, apply heat, NSAIDS, and a muscle relaxant

Front 67

What are the best NSAIDS for muscle pain?

Back 67

baclofen and cyclobenzaprine

Front 68

What is a side effect of cyclobenzaprine?

Back 68

strong anti-Ach effects

Front 69

What is a joint sprain?

Back 69

torn tendon or ligament

Front 70

What is the treatment for a sprain?

Back 70

rest, ice and compression, elevate the extremity

Front 71

What is the acronym for a sprain treatment?

Back 71

RICE- rest, ice, compression, elevation

Front 72

What is the treatment for muscle strain and a joint strain?

Back 72

hot, ice, hot, ice, etc

Front 73

What happens to cardiac muscle fibers in CHF?

Back 73

fibers are overstretched

Front 74

What is the 5 year mortality rate for CHF?

Back 74

50%

Front 75

What happens to EDV and ESV in CHF?

Back 75

increase

Front 76

What happens to contractility in CHF?

Back 76

decreased

Front 77

What happens to CO in CHF?

Back 77

decreased

Front 78

What is the treatment for heat failure?

Back 78

O2 if symptomatic, the diuresis

Front 79

If a patient gets CHF after an MI, what percent of the myocardium is lost?

Back 79

at least 40%

Front 80

What is the ejection fraction of the heart with CHF after an MI?

Back 80

45%

Front 81

What is given to increase contractility in CHF?

Back 81

digitalis, dobutamine, dopamine

Front 82

When is dobutamine given?

Back 82

when HR is decreased

Front 83

What is the #1 cause of digitoxin toxicity?

Back 83

hypokalemia