Muscle Nerve Eye Pathology

Front 1

Type I fibers are ________ used for ___________.

Back 1

aerobic; endurance

Front 2

These fibers make up 1/3 of muscle fibers, rich in mitochondria and myoglobulin, stain very lightly w/ mhyosin atpase

Back 2

type I (aerobic) fibers

Front 3

These fibers make up 2/3 of all muscle fibers, glycogen rich, fast-contracting myosin, dark fibers on staining, susceptible to metabolic insult during prolonged periods of disuse.

Back 3

anaerobic (type II) fibers

Front 4

A given motor neuron will innervate ______ fiber type(s), and the fiber type is determined by the ________.

Back 4

one; neuron

Front 5

What muscle disease? Progressive, genetically determined; degeneration of skeletal muscle, wasting, weakness, increaesd serum creatine kinase

Back 5

Muscular dystrophy

Front 6

What ist the most common form of muscular dystrophy?

Back 6

Duchenne's

Front 7

What muscle disease? Def. Of dystrophin, X linked, weakness initially in proximal extremity muscles and pelvic girdle, pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles, GOWER's sign, die in early 20's or teens.

Back 7

Duchenne's

Front 8

What is the sign called that is hard to get to a standing position from squatting?

Back 8

Gower's sign

Front 9

What is the milder form of Duchenn'es muscular dystrophy called?

Back 9

Becker's (appears later in life--this is how you tell because Duchenn'es usually appears in children)

Front 10

What muscle disease? Autosomal nt, triple nucleotide repeat, symptoms begin as , weakness of hands and foot muscles initially, Hatchet Face, inc frequency of cardiomyopathy, cataracts, and diabetes

Back 10

myotonic dystrophy

Front 11

What is the second most common muscular dystrophy?

Back 11

myotonic dystrophy

Front 12

T or F: myotonic dystrophy can worsen in subsequent generations.

Back 12

true, the triple nuclotide repeat mutation is amplified

Front 13

What are the autoimmune muscle disorders?

Back 13

Myasthenia gravis, polymyosiitis/dermatomyositis

Front 14

Myasthenia gravis has all the following characteristics except: autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors, men(20-35 yrs old) and women (50-60 yrs old), muscle weakness intensified by muscle use, associated with tumors of the thymus, thymic hyperplasia, ocular muscle droop (ptosis), diplopia, inability to chew

Back 14

The men and women ages should be switched

Front 15

What muscle disease? Chronic degenerative autoimmune process involving proximal muscles of extremities--weakness and pain walking up stairs, necrotic muscle surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells in biopsy

Back 15

Polymyositis

Front 16

What is polymyositis called when it involves the skin also?

Back 16

dermatomyositis

Front 17

what is the major symptom associated with dermatomyositis?

Back 17

heliotrope (iliac rash) discoloration around the eyes

Front 18

T or F: myotonic dystrophy involves only type I fibers

Back 18

TRUE

Front 19

What percent of tumors associated with myasthenia gravis are thymomas?

Back 19

15%

Front 20

What percent of thyus associated problems due to myasthenia gravis is thymic hyperplasia?

Back 20

65%

Front 21

What rare disorder is associated with small oat cell lung cancer?

Back 21

Eaton Lambert syndrome

Front 22

What is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children (malignant)

Back 22

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Front 23

What is the most common cause of peripheral nueropathy?

Back 23

Diabetes

Front 24

In infectious myositis, _________ causes tetanus, __________causes gas gangrene, parasites cause __________, and the virus involved is ____________.

Back 24

clostridium tetani, clostridium perfringens, trichinosis, coxsackie virus

Front 25

All of the following cause peripheral neuropathy except: diabetes, immune disorders, alcohol excess, Vitamin C deficiency, toxins, infection (AIDS), congenital

Back 25

Vitamin C def. (Vitamin B DOES)

Front 26

What are the supporting cells of the nervous system and form part of brain barrieer?

Back 26

astrocytes

Front 27

What forms the myelin around nerves in the CNS analagous to a schwann man cell?

Back 27

oligodendrocytes

Front 28

what cells line the cerebral ventricles?

Back 28

ependymal cells

Front 29

what nervous cells are scavenger cells?

Back 29

microglia

Front 30

What is the infectious agent in spongiform encephalopathies?

Back 30

prions

Front 31

T or F: prions have DNA

Back 31

FALSE

Front 32

T or F: prions have a short incubation period

Back 32

FALSE

Front 33

What is the prion caused disease in cow's?

Back 33

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)

Front 34

What is the human form of mad cow disease?

Back 34

creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Front 35

This disease is found in new guinea and is transmitted by eating infected brains

Back 35

Kuru

Front 36

Is MS Autoimmune or infectious?

Back 36

It has been associated with both

Front 37

____% of MS cases in US are caucasian

Back 37

95%

Front 38

T or F: MS is more common in tropical climates.

Back 38

false; more common in moderate to cold climates

Front 39

In MS, visual disturbances occur _____% of the time and limb weakness occurs______% of the time.

Back 39

20; 40

Front 40

What cells are destroyed in multiple sclerosis?

Back 40

oligodendrocytes

Front 41

MS affects the _______ matter of the brain

Back 41

white

Front 42

What disorder of the brain can thiamine deficiency cause?

Back 42

beriberi (also Wernicke's encephalopathy and Wernicke's Korsakoff syndrome

Front 43

Thiame def. Is most often seen in what population.

Back 43

Piss drunks

Front 44

What disease? Paralysis of extraocular muscles, ataxia, mental confusion

Back 44

Wernicke's encephalopathy

Front 45

What disease? Loss of recent memory, confabulation (making up stories)

Back 45

Korsakoff's psychosis (repeated bouts of Wernicke's)

Front 46

Vit B12 deficiency can cause all of the following except: high pressure, uncoordinated movements, abnormal gait, psychiatric symptoms

Back 46

High pressure (doesn't mention anything about pressure)

Front 47

Nicotinic acid is AKA ______

Back 47

Vitamin B3

Front 48

Nicotinic acid def. Causes the 3 D's: Dermatitis (photosensitivity), Diarrhea and __________.

Back 48

Delirium

Front 49

What is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly?

Back 49

Alzheimer's disease

Front 50

What disease? Slow progressive memory loss, genetic in small #'s, Neurofibrillary tangles and plaques, atrophy of cerebral cortex

Back 50

Alzheimer's disease

Front 51

A telltale sign of Alzheimer's Disease is __________ sulci and ________ gyri.

Back 51

widened; narrowed

Front 52

A patient with down syndrome survives past age 40. What neurological disorder are the patient's symptoms most likely to mimic?

Back 52

Alzheimer's disease

Front 53

What over-the-counter medicine is supposed to inhibit the effects of Alzheimer's?

Back 53

NSAIDS (like ibuprofen)

Front 54

What disease? Movement disorder, changes in extrapyramidal (involuntary) motor system, depigmented substantia nigra, Lewy bodies.

Back 54

Parkinson's

Front 55

The symptoms of Parkinson's include all of the following except: Pill rolling tremor, bradykinesia, dementia, instability while walking, flacidity, expresionless face.

Back 55

Flacidity (should be rigidity)

Front 56

T or F: there is a cure for parkinson's

Back 56

FALSE

Front 57

This cell is stained pink (eosinophilic) and is seen in Parkinson's disease

Back 57

Lewy Body

Front 58

Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's corea, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are all ____________ diseases

Back 58

degenerative

Front 59

What disease? Abnormality in chromsome 4, increased CAG trinucleotide repeats

Back 59

Huntington's (chorea)

Front 60

What disease? Involuntary gyrating movements, progressive dementia, brain atrophy, caudate nucleus, clinical abnormalities present in 30's to 40's

Back 60

Huntington's (chorea)

Front 61

What is the "layman" name for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

Back 61

Lou Gehrig's disease

Front 62

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) presents w/ wasting and weakness of small muscles in hands, and is the loss of ________ cerebrospinal pathways in spinal cord.

Back 62

Lateral

Front 63

ALS is a progressive disorder of upper or lower motor neurons?

Back 63

both

Front 64

All of the following are characteristic of CNS neoplasms except: only 2% of cancer s, High mortality rate, Prominent in older age groups, 50% are primary, 50% metastasis

Back 64

Prominent in older age groups (they are more prominent in younger age groups)

Front 65

T or F: Primary malignant tumors of the CNS never metastasize

Back 65

True dat, hippie

Front 66

The four types of CNS tumors to remember are: Gliomas, Meningiomas, Medulloblastomas, and ___________.

Back 66

retinoblastoma

Front 67

What 2 subgroups of gliomas are there?

Back 67

Astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme

Front 68

What is the most common primary CNS tumor?

Back 68

Glioblastoma multiforme (stage four astrocytoma)

Front 69

An astrocytoma becomes a glioblastoma multiforme when it reaches grade ___.

Back 69

Four

Front 70

Astrocytomas occur in which part of the brain?

Back 70

Cerebellum

Front 71

What is the second most common CNS neoplasm?

Back 71

Meningioma

Front 72

All are characteristic of meningioma except: arise from the dura, rapid growth, compresses the brain

Back 72

rapid growth

Front 73

Meningiomas are characteristic of which of the following? Lewy bodies, caudate nucleus, pill-rolling tremor, psammoma bodies, depigmented substantia nigra?

Back 73

Psammomma bodies (calcifications)

Front 74

Meningiomas are benign or malignant?

Back 74

benign

Front 75

T or F: Benign meningiomas don't affect brain function.

Back 75

False, because they compress the brain

Front 76

Retinoblastoma is more common in kids or s?

Back 76

kids

Front 77

What area of the brain does medulloblastoma occur?

Back 77

Cerebellum

Front 78

All are characteristic of medulloblastoma except: more common in children, rapid growth, poor prognosis, psammoma bodies

Back 78

Psammomma bodies (calcifications)

Front 79

A ______ (hordeolum) is and acute supporative ______ infection of the hair folicle and associated glands of the eye.

Back 79

Sty, staph

Front 80

_______ is chronic inflammation of an obstructed meibomian gland often mistaken for a neoplasm.

Back 80

Chalazion

Front 81

__________, occuring in diabetics and other hyperlipidemic conditions, are small lipid plaques of foamy macrophages.

Back 81

Xanthelasmas

Front 82

________ aka "pink eye" is contagious and caused by a virus or bacteria.

Back 82

Conjunctivitis

Front 83

Viral conjuctivitis = _____ discharge and _____ vision.

Back 83

watery, blurred

Front 84

_______ conjunctivitis = purulent discharge and no blurring

Back 84

bacterial

Front 85

______ caused by chlamydia, are associated with ulcers and scarring leading to blindness.

Back 85

Trachomas

Front 86

Inflammation of the cornea is called ______.

Back 86

keratitis

Front 87

Hypertensive retinopathy leads to the formation of microaneurysms and hemorrhages into the retinal nerve fibers called ___________.

Back 87

dot and flame hemorrhages

Front 88

Edema of the optical disc is called _________ causing irreversible damage.

Back 88

papiledema

Front 89

Narrowing of retinal arterioles leads to a "copper wire effect" due to ____.

Back 89

hypertensive retinopathy

Front 90

Diabetic retinopathy promotes the formation of ______ and microaneurysms.

Back 90

cataracts

Front 91

Diabetic vessels are more permeable leading to edema and hemorrhage into the eye. This is known as ________ retinopathy and characterized by "________" and may lead to retinal detachment in severe cases.

Back 91

background, "cotton-wool spots"

Front 92

Due to progressive damage or atrophy to the optic nerve _______ causes peripheral loss of eyesight.

Back 92

glaucoma

Front 93

Which is not a risk factor of glaucoma: over 60, familial history of glaucoma, diabetes, farsightedness, smoking, black pt over 40.

Back 93

farsighted, NEARsighted is correct.

Front 94

Priamary glaucoma is idiopathic; secondary is related to a preexisting eye disease.

Back 94

True; True

Front 95

Secondary glaucoma is the most common form. T/F

Back 95

FALSE

Front 96

Priamary glaucoma can be classified as open or closed angle. Open angle is caused by _________.

Back 96

INTERNAL blockage of eye's drainage canals = increased P

Front 97

"Steamy cornea," rainbow halos around lights at night, acute onset intraocular pain and blurred vision are all due to ____ angle glaucoma caused by _______ drainage canal blockage.

Back 97

closed, ENTERING

Front 98

The most common cause of decreased vision in the US is _______, causing clouding of the lens due to the natural aging process.

Back 98

Cataracts

Front 99

The most common eye tumor of infants and young s.

Back 99

Retinoblastoma - deletion of Rb gene