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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Skeletal muscle are associated with
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movements of the body
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WHat are the four things that dictate a muscle?
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1. Shape of cells
2. Number and position of nuclei 3. presence of striations 4. voluntary or involuntary |
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Which cells is elongated?
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Skeletal
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Which cell type is branching?
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Cardiac
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Which cell type is spindle shaped?
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SMooth
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What muscle types has multiple peripheral nuclei?
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Skeletal
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What muscle type has a single nucleus?
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Cardiac
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What Muscle type has a single central nucleus?
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Smooth
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What muscle type has visible striations?
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Skeletal and Cardiac
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What muscle type lacks visible striations?
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Smooth
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What muscle types are involuntary?
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Cardiac and Smooth
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What muscle types are voluntary?
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Skeletal
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Tendons connect what to what?
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Muscle to bone
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A muscle is surrounded by connecting tissue called
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epimysium
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A skeletal muscle is made up of _______, bindles of individual muscle cells
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fascicles
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A fascicle is surrounded by connective tissue called
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perimysium
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What separates and electrically insulates the muscle cells from each other?
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endomysium
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What are continuous with the tendons at the end of the muscle?
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All three connective tissues
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A muscle cell is known as a
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fiber
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What is the sarcolema?
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Plasma membrane of the muscle cell
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What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?
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Endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cell
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Terminal cisternae is what?
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Saclike regions of SR that are specialized reserviours of Ca ions
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Where does the terminal cisternae lie?
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Adjacent to the T tubules.
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T tubles are what?
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part of the sarcolema, go deep to cells interior
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What is a Triad?
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one T-Tubule lying between two terminal cisternaes
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What are T tubules used for?
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allow depolarization of the membrane to penetrate quickly to the interior of the cell
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What is cytosol?
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intracellular fluid
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What is mitochondrion?
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ATP organelle
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What is myofibril?
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Cylindrical bundle of contractile filaments within the skeletal muscle cells
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Myofibrils are composed of
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myofilaments
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What kind of protein are myofilaments?
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Contractile proteins
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There are ____ types of myofilaments.
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2
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What are the types of myofilaments?
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Thin and thick
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What is the thin myofilament comprised of
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actin protein along with troponin and tropomyosin
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What is the thick myofilament comprised of?
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Myosin protein
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What badn is called the dark band and corresponds to the thick filament?
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A band
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What band contains only think filaments, is the light band, and whose widths signifies the distance between adjacent think filaments>
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I band
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WHat is the H zone?
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lighter strip in the middle of the A band whose width depends on degree of muscle relaxation
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When is H zone the thickest?
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When the muscle is relaxed.
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What is the M line?
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Line in the center of the H zone consisting of protein fibers that connect neighboring myosin filaments.
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What is the Z line?
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the zigzag line bisecting the I band. It's a protein disc that anchors the think filaments and connects adjacent myofibrils
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What is the Sarcomere?
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contractile unit from Z band to Z line
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What is the structure of myosin?
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two heads (cross bridges) and a tail region
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Order to size (starting at muscle)
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Muscle--->Fascicle--->muscle cell--->myofibril--->myofilaments
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What does a power stroke?
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Myosin cross bridge
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What is the power stroke?
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Flexing movement of the myosin cross bridge that pulls the think filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
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What powers a power stroke?
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ATP
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What powers the disconnection of the cross bridge from the binding site?
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ATP
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What energizes the calcium ion pump?
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ATP
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What is an enzyme that is a biological catalyst that uses water to break one molecule into smaller parts?
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Hydrolytic Enzyme
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What is a biological catalyst that combines two molecules into a single larger molecule often through dehydration synthesis?
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Synthetic Enzyme
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Rebuilding ATP requires what?
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A synthetic enzyme and a new source of energy
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Myofilaments are
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protein fibers that make up the myofibrils
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When ATP is low, what occurs?
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1.Hydrolysis of creatine phosphate
2.Glycolysis 3. Krebs and oxid. phos. |
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How many ATP are gained from hydrolysis of creatine phosphate?
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1 ATP
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Substrate phosphorylation is when
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a P is transferred
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________ is the process that transfers energy and P from creatine phosphate to ATP
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Substrate phosphorylation
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Hydrolysis of creatine phosphate uses what enzyme?
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hydrolytic enzyme
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Creatine is quickly
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depleted
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______ is the immediate source of energy for ATP
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creatine phosphate
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What is a biological catalyst that combines two molecules into a single larger molecule often through dehydration synthesis?
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Synthetic Enzyme
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Rebuilding ATP requires what?
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A synthetic enzyme and a new source of energy
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Myofilaments are
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protein fibers that make up the myofibrils
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When ATP is low, what occurs?
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1.Hydrolysis of creatine phosphate
2.Glycolysis 3. Krebs and oxid. phos. |
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How many ATP are gained from hydrolysis of creatine phosphate?
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1 ATP
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Substrate phosphorylation is when
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a P is transferred
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________ is the process that transfers energy and P from creatine phosphate to ATP
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Substrate phosphorylation
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Hydrolysis of creatine phosphate uses what enzyme?
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hydrolytic enzyme
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Creatine is quickly
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depleted
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______ is the immediate source of energy for ATP
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creatine phosphate
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What is known as hexose, or blood sugar?
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Glucose
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What is a major source of energy and produced by hydrolysis of glycogen?
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Glucose
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Glycolysis produces what?
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2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate
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_____ is produced in anaerobic respiration
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lactic acid
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What is myoglobin?
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red pigment protein similar to hemoglobin that stores oxygen in skeletal muscle cells
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Oxygen is available in what 2 ways?
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1. Entering the muscle directly from blood
2.stored in myoglobin |
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Aerobic respiration produces
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36 ATP, Water, CO2
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Pyruvic acid enters______ to become acetyl CoA
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mitochondria
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What is oxidative phosphorylation?
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involves electron transport chain
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What is oxygen debt?
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oxygen required to completely oxidizer the lactic acid formed and replenish depleted sores of ATP and creatin phosphate
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What is glycogen?
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Polysaccharide found in muscle and liver cells of animals
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During rest, what happens to the lactic acid present in cytosol?
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Converted to pyruvic acid which continues into Krebs cycle
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_____ is used to rephosphorylate create into creatine phosphate
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ATP
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_____ is synthesized from glucose molecules
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Glycogen
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Additional oxygen during rest bind to what?
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myoglobin
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How many types of muscle fibers are there and what are they?
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Two, white muslce fiber and red muscle fiber
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____ muscle fiber is large in diameter
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White
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______ muscle fiber is light in color due to reduced myoglobin and few capillaries
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White
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_____ muscle fiber has few mitochondria
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White
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_____ muscle fiber has a high glycogen content
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white
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_____ muscle fiber uses glycolysis for ATP
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White
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____ muscle fibers are suited for speed and power for short duration
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White
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"Fast twitch glycotic fibers" are also known as
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white muscle fibers
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____ muscle fibers are powerful due to large numbers of myofilaments
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White
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____muscle fibers gain fatigue rapidly due to lactic acid and depletion of glycogen
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white
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_______ muscle fibers are half the size of the other
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Red
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_____ muscle fibers are dark in color due to myoglobin and many capillaries
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Red
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______ muscle fibers have numerous mitochondria
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Red
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_______ muscle fibers have low glycogen
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Red
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_____ muscle fibers are suited for endurance activities
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Red
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______ muscle fibers use oxidative phosphorylation and KRebs cycle
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Red
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____ muscle fibers have slow cross bridge cycling
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Red
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"Slow twitch oxidative fibers" are also known as
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red muscle fibers
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____ muscles fibers are fatigue resistant and high endurance
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Red
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______ is the place where a motor neuron stimulates a muscle cell
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Neuromuscular Junction
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A motor neuron and a muscle cell are separated by a
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synaptic cleft
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____ is the voltage that exists across a cell's plasma membrane when the cell is at rest
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REsting membane potential
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The resting membrane potential gives the cell _____ a more negative charge than the cell_______
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interior, exterior
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WHat is the electrical signal consisting of the depolarization and subsequent repolarization of the nerve or muscle cell
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Action potential
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What is the decrease in the negative resting membrane potential?
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Depolarization
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What is a motor neuron?
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A single nerve cell that extends from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland
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What are the organelles containing neurotransmitter within axon terminals?
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Synaptic vesicles
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What is the folded portion of the sarcolemma in close contact with the synaptic end of the axon terminal?
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Motor end plate
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What is the difference in electrical charge that exists across a cell membrane?
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polarized
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List the action of sequences that happen at the neuromuscular joint.
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Action potential arrives--> neurotransmitter released--> depolarization of end plate--> action potential propogates along the sarcolemma dn T tubules--->contraction or sarcomeres
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Calcium channels are ____ regulated
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voltage
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______ cause synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane of the axon terminal
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calcium ions
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The neurotransmitter is released via ______ into the synaptic cleft
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exocytosis
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exocytosis is when
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Something fuses with the membran until it ruptures
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After neurotransmitter is released, what happens to the calcium ions?
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They are pumped out of the axon terminal
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What happen after the neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites of chemically regulated ion channels on the motor end plate?
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Channels open, causing the influx of sodium ions and efflux of potassium
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After the local depolarization of the motor end plate, what happens?
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Neurotransmitter diffuses away and eaten by enzyme
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Enzyme for acetylcholine is
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acetylcholinesterase
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Depolarization of the motor end initiates what?
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An action potential which propogates along the sarcolemma
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Contraction of skeletal muscle is the result of what?
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Groups of muscle cells called motor units
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What is a motor unit?
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Motor neuron and muscle cells it stimulates
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Recruitment is what?
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Stimulation of additional motor units to increase the strength of a contraction
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What is the neuron within the brain or spinal cord that lies between the sensory and motor neurons?
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Interneuron
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Precise movement is defined by
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few muscle cells per unit
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A muscle that has few motor units is the
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eye
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What dictate the strength and degree of muscle movement?
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Motor units and # of cells per motor unit
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_____ generate gross movements
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large motor units
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_____ motor unit contractions provide low level tension and resistance to stretch
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Asynchronous motor unit contractions
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More tones means a _______ muscle
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bigger
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What is muscle tone?
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Constant state of low level tension and resistance to a stretch in a muscle
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An interneuron is also known as a
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association neuron
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What does the sliding filament theory say?
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Contraction occurs as thin filaments slide past thick ones, during contraction, sarcomere shortens and the think and thick filaments overlap to a greater degree
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Sliding filament theory requires what?
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Myosin, actin, troponin, tropomyosin, ATP, calcium ion, myosin
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_____ are bundled together to form thick filaments
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Myosin
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What binds to the thin filament and moves it toward the center of the sarcomere?
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Cross Bridge
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The hinge portion of myosin allows what?
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Vertical movement so it can bind to actin
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cross bridge has _____ binding site
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two
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What are the two binding sites in cross bridges used for?
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ATP, actin
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_____ gives energy to myosin cross bridge
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ATP
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Actin is twisted into a ________ chain with a specific binding site for ________
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double helical chain, myosin cross bridges
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_____ winds around the actin and cover the binding sites for myosin (when unstimulated)
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Tropomyosin
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_____ moves tropomyosin aside and spaced periodically around actin strand
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Troponin
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______ released from terminal cisternae and bind to troponin
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calcium ions
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_______ drag tropomyosin strands off binding sites
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Calcium Ions
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When there is an influx of calcium, what is triggered?
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The exposure of binding sites on actin
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The conformational change of myosin does what?
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Triggers the exposure of binding sites on actin
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After the binding sites on actin are exposed, what happens?
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Myosin binds to actin
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After the myosin binds to actin, what happens?
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Power stroke of the cross bridge causes the sliding of the thin filament
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After the power stroke, what happens?
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ATP binds to cross bridge, which results in the cross bridge disconnecting from actin
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After cross bridge disconnects from actin, what happens?
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Hydrolysis of ATP, which leads to the re-energizing and reposition of the cross bridge
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After re-energizing the cross bridges, what happens?
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Calcium ions are transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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The active transport of calcium involves specialized ion pumps energized by ______ in the membrane of the _____
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ATP , Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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How do multiple cross bridges cycle?
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Coordinated matter
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_____ shortens in sliding filament but _______ does not
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Sarcomere, myofilament
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A muscle shows variations in the development of
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tension
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What is tension?
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force of contraction/ produced by muscle to perform work
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Tension is affected by what three factors?
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1. Frequency of stimulation
2. Number of motor units recruited 3. degree of muscle stretch |
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What is a muscle twitch?
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Muscle contraction in response to a single stimulus of adepquate strength
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A Muscle twitch is divided into what periods?
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LAtent, contraction, relaxation
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When do sarcolemma and T Tubules depolarize during muscle twitch?
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Latent phase
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When is Ca release into cytosol during muscle twitch?
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Latent phase
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When do the cross bridges begin to cycle but not visible shortening of muscle during muscle twitch?
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Latent phase
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When does the sarcolemma shorten during a muscle twitch?
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Contraction Phase
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When is the Ca actively transported back into the terminal cisternae during muscle twitch?
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Relaxation Phase
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When does cross bridge cycling decrease and end during muscle twitch?
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Relaxation Phase
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WHen is tension reduced and muscle returned to original length during muscle twitch?
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RElaxation Phase
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What is the temporal summation?
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When two stimuli are added together before the first one ends
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Temporal summation is also called
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wave summation
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Temporal summation increases
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muscle tension
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When there are multiple stimuli to a muscle, what are the phases?
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Treppe, temporal summation, incomplete tetanus, complete tetanus, fatigue
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What is Treppe also known as?
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staircase effect
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During ______, the strenghth of a muscle contraction is increases but relaxation is completed
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treppe
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During _____, there is an increase in muscle tension
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treppe
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The increase in muscle tension that occurs during treppe is caused by
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muscle warming and efficiency of enzymes
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After the first five muscle stimuli, the muscle moves into what phase?
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Temporal Summation
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Temporal summation means there is a ____________ in tension
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continual increase
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During ______, a muscle exhibits shorter contraction-relaxation cycles
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incomplete tetanus
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Some degree, but not much, of relaxation is visible during what phase?
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Incomplete tetanus
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______ is when the contractions fuse into a smooth contraction without evidence of a cyclical relaxation
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Complete Tetanus
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During _______, there is continual availability of binding sites on actin for cross bridge cyclin
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Complete tetanus
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During ______, the muscle is no longer able to sustain level of tension
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fatigue
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_____ is corrected with rest and adaquate blood supply
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Fatigue
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Fatigue is due to what?
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Buildup of acidic compounds which affect protein functioning, relative lack of ATP, and ionic imbalances resulting from membrane activities
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Number of motor units that are recruited are determined by number of motor neurons that are stimulated by
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CNS
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THe minimum stimulus which can evoke a response
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Threshold Minimum
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Stimulus that does not garner a response
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Subthreshold stimulus
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Stimulation of additional motor units to increase the strength of a contraction
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Recruitment
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When all motor units are recruited
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Maximal stimulus
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What is it called when the muscle length affects the force of contraction?
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Length tension relationship
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There is little tension if the thin filaments overlap with
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other thin filament
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There is little tension if think filaments
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do not overlap with thick
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The correct tension occurs when thin filaments cross with
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cross bridges
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