Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Pitch
|
(frequency)- the relative highness or lowness of sound
3 of vibrations per second |
|
|
Register
|
range- high, medium, low
|
|
|
Interval
|
distance in pitch between two notes
|
|
|
Scale
|
a system of pitch organization- a series of whole and half steps
pitch names: do re mi fa so la ti do- A B C D E F G Major- Minor- Modal- Pentatonic- Whole Tone- Taga- Twelve- Tone Diatonic- Chromatic |
|
|
Melody
|
horizontal organization of pitches- notes sound one after the other
Conjunct: smooth, stepwise Disjunct: Chromatic |
|
|
Harmony
|
vertical organization of Pitch- 2 or more notes sound at the same time
Chord: 3 or more simultaneous sounds; Arpeggio Consonance- Dissonance Tonic (I) Dominant (V) Subdominant (IV) Cadences: ending patterns Tonality- Key- Major/Minor system in Western Music |
|
|
Duration
|
(time)- the length of notes and rests
|
|
|
Rhythm
|
combinations of patterns of duration
|
|
|
Tempo
|
rate of speed of music
grave- largo- adagio= slow andante- moderato= middle/moderate allegro- vivace- presto= fast changes in tempo: accelerando- ritardando- rubato |
|
|
Meter
|
organization of the beat into groups- patterns of strong and weak beats
downbeat- upbeat- anacrusis duple- triple- free- mixed- syncopation measures- repeated patterns- ostinato |
|
|
Dynamics
|
level of loudness= piano- soft, mezzo- medium, forte- loud
crescendo- diminuendo (decrescendo)- accent |
|
|
Timbre
|
quality of sound
classification of instruments- families of instruments Voice types and ranges- S A T B Texture: Thin- Thick; monophonic- homophonic- polyphonic articulation: legato- staccato |
|
|
Form
|
shape, structure of a piece of music
strophic- verse- refrain- binary (AB)- ternary (ABA)- rondo- sonata- theme & variations- 12 bar blues- 32 bar song form- etc. |
|
|
Genre
|
type or category of music
hymn- folk song- chant- motet- sonata- cantata- concerto- suite- symphony- etc. |
|
|
Notation
|
the use of written or printed symbols to indicate musical sound
pitch notation: staff- clefs- letter names for notes note values- dotted notes- rests- time signatures |
|
|
Time Signatures
|
top number tells how many beats in a measure; bottom number tells what kind of note gets one beat
|
|
|
Tie
|
curved line connecting two notes of the same pitch
only the first is sounded, but the full value of both notes combined must be counted |
|
|
Treble Lines
|
Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge
|
|
|
Treble Spaces
|
F A C E
|
|
|
Bass Lines
|
Good Boys Do Fine Always
|
|
|
Bass Spaces
|
All Cows Eat Grass
|
|
|
Folk Music
|
the traditional music that grows out of the folk culture of a nation region, or ethnic group- a living, ever-changing music that reflects the spirit and personality of the people who create, perform, and value it
|
|
|
Folk Music
|
a body of repertoire comprised of traditional songs and dances, derived from an oral tradition
|
|
|
Characteristics
|
primarily a vocal genre- easily singable melodies, simple harmonies, strophic structure (verse or verse-refrain), untrained voices with regional pronunciations and idioms
|
|
|
In America, 2 main streams:
|
1- songs of British- based white people in New England (Anglo-Americans)
2- songs of African- based black people in the rural South (African-Americans) |
|
|
Oral Tradition
|
music is learned and transmitted by memory rather than by notated, printed music- passed down from teacher to student through many generations, leading to regional variants
|
|
|
Field Recordings*
|
to preserve traditional folk songs
John and Alan Lomax, Charles Seeger, Cecil Sharp Transcriber: Francis James Child- published "Child ballads"- 305 traditional English and Scottish ballads, including "Barbary Allen" |
|
|
Types of Folk Music
|
Songs: ballads, broadsides, lyric songs, work songs, rally and protest songs
Dance music: fiddle tunes, string bands (fiddle & banjo) -- bluegrass Spirituals and the blues- religious and secular folk music of southern blacks Folk Music Festivals Folk Music Revival in the 1960's: "Tom Dooley," Kingston Trio, Woodie Gutherie, Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez |
|
|
Ethnic Traditions in the US
|
French Canadians: Cajun & Zydeco
Mexican Americans- tejano, mariachi, salsa Puerto Ricans- salsa Jewish immigrants- klezmer |
|
|
Listening Examples:
1. Folk Song: "Sylvie" |
Huddie Ledbetter ("Leadbelly")
|
|
|
Listening Examples:
2. Ballad: "Barbry Allen" |
originally a Scottish song, traced back as far as 1666- most widely sung narrative ballad
|
|
|
Listening Examples:
4. Protest Song: "We Shall Overcome" |
Pete Seeger
|
|
|
Listening Examples:
5. Folk Song: "The Night they drove old Dixie Down" |
Joan Baez
|
|
|
Psalters
|
books containing the psalms, sometimes with musical settings
First American Psalter: Bay Psalm Book, Cambridge, Mass, 1640- first book printed in America |
|
|
Lining Out
|
method of singing psalms for people who cannot read music
Leader and Congregation- part of oral tradition Singing Example: "Old Hundredth"- Psalm 100- "Doxology" |
|
|
1720's Singing Schools
|
a way to help people learn to read music, learn hymn tunes and thus be able to sing from notated music books
(more text on handout) |
|
|
Singing Schools
|
demand for hymn books, new tunes & texts by American composers
|
|
|
William Billings (1746-1800)
|
One of Three composers influential in development of American hymnody.
5 collections of hymns, anthems, fuguing tunes |
|
|
Isaac Watts (1674-1748)
|
One of Three composers influential in development of American hymnody.
Hymns and Spiritual Songs (1707) |
|
|
Charles Wesley (1707-1788)
|
One of Three composers influential in development of American hymnody.
6500 hymns Charles & brother John and the Great Awakening: Religious revival in 19th c. America Itinerant Preachers, Revivals, Camp Meetings- Evangelism |
|
|
Spirituals & Gospel
|
Gospel: hymns and songs relating to the gospels rather than the psalms
Sung at revivals, camp meetings, Sunday schools, churches--- Southern Gospel "White Gospel" LISTENING: American Folk Hymn, White Gospel "Amazing Grace" |
|
|
Spirituals
|
Religious songs created by slaves early 19th C., often based on OT Texts, phrases related to freedom from slavery: crossing the river Jordan, bands of Angels
|
|
|
Black Gospel
|
grows out of this tradition, + early 20th c influence of ragtime, blues, jazz
Texts about suffering, poverty, survival, visions of a better life- strong rhythm, strong emotions Father of modern Black Gospel, former blues singer: Thomas A. Dorsey LISTENING: Black Gospel: "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen" Mahalia Jackson |
|
|
Brass Family of Instruments
|
French Horn, Trumpet, Trombone, Tuba
|
|
|
String Family of Instruments
|
Violin, Viola, Cello (violoncello), Double bass viol, Harp (glissando effect)
|
|
|
Percussion Family of Instruments
|
Timpani (kettledrums), Bass drum, Cymbals, Tambourine, Triangle, Side drum, Wood blocks (various kinds), Xylophone, Celesta, Castanets, Gong
|
|
|
Woodwind Family of Instruments
|
Flutes- piccolo, Double Reeds: Oboe, English horn, Bassoon, Single Reeds: Clarinets, Saxophone
|
