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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Old Regime/ancien régime
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the life and institutions of prerevolutionary europe. politically meant rule of theoretically absolute monarchies with growing bureaucracies and aristocratically led armies. economically a scarcity of food, the predominance of agriculture, slow transport, a low level of iron prdouction, comparatively unsophisticated financial institution and in some cases competitive comercial overseas empires. socially men and women felt more like a group rather than individuals. but it was no means static and was the gateway to the industrial revolution
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aristocratic resurgence
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the nobility
s reaction to the threat to their social position and privileges that they felt from the expanding power of the monarchies. first nobilities tried to preserve their exclusiveness by making it harder to become a noble, second they preserved high positions for themselves, third they used existing controlled institutions to counter the monarchies, fourth sought to improve financially by taxing |
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corvée
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the practice of forced labor
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Pugachev's rebellion
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between 1773 and 1775 pugachev promised serfs freedom and put souther russia in turmoil until the gov brutally supressed the rebellion. largest of the uprisings but not only
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family economy
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the economy in which the family was the main unit fo production and consumption. most work was done with in the household and all money was pulled together for the family
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neolocalism
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the practice of children moving away from their family home to start a new family
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agricultural revolution
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rising prices gave landlords an opportunity to improve their incomes and lifestyle. to achieve those end landlords in wester rurope began a series of innovations n farm production that became as this. sprouted some peasant rebellions
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Jethro Tull
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a landlord willing to conduct exspermients and finance others experiments. invented iron plow and drilling seed
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Charles Turnip Townsend
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encouraged other important innovations. learned to cultivate sandy tsoil. institued crop rotation. helped both huamns and animals gain food
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Arthur Young
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wrote annals of agriculture in which he recorded all innovations. became secretary of the british board of agriculture
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Open Field Mehtod
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old regime system in which the land was split evenly among the peasants and everyone got the same amount of good land and the crops grown were decided by the community
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Industrial Revolution
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the achievement of sustained economy growth. finally stopped plateauing. rather slow and gradual. most familiar side was the inventions taht led to a new work force. textiles pioneered it.
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Josiah Wedgwood
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an english porcelain manufacturer who started using marketing and advertising techniques and look for certain customers
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domestic system/putting out system
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agents of urban textile merchants took wool or other unfinished products to homes of peasans who spun it then merchants brought it to other peasants who wove it in to finished products and the merchants sold the wares
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John Kay
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invented the flying shuttle
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the flying shuttle
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an invention by john kay which increased the productivity of the weavers so much that it outdid the spinners until the invention of Hames Hargreaves spinning jenny
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James Hargreaves
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invented the spinning jenny
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spinning jeny
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hargreaves invention that increased teh productivity of spinning
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The Water Frame
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Richard Arkwrights invention that took textile production out of the house. a wter powered device
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Richard Arkwright
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invented the water frame and lost the patent for it so it became widely used
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James Watt
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a scottish engineer and machine maker who began to experiment with a model of a Newcomen machine. invented a much mroe efficient steam engine.
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Henry Cort
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introduced the puddling process for melting and stirring molten ore. allowed purer iron and developed rolling mill
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ghettos
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distinct jewish communities in districts because of jews being treated diferrently
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mercantilism
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philosophy in which world was regarded as arena of scarece resources and limitations. pushed idea that for one country to grow another had to stifle. concentrated on country's economic well being. neater on paper than in practice. far removed from economic realities of colonies
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The east india company
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England's privileged chartered company that enjoyed legal monopoly in India
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Comapgnie des Indes
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the french equivalent to the east india company
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factoies
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original trading posts in india that existed through special grants
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council of the indies
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the council the Castilian monarch assigned to the government of America whic hnominated viceroys who were divided in to jucial councils known as audencias
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viceroys
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served as teh chief executives in teh New WOrld and carried out the laws issued by the Council of the Indies
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audencia
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the subdevided juditial coucnils of the viceroyualties
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hoberaux
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the provincial nobility of the french who were often not much better off than wealthy peasants
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nobles "of the sword"
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those of the french nobility derived from military service
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nobles "of the robe"
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those of the french nobility derived from their titles either by serving in the bureaucracy or by having purchased them
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Charter of the Nobility
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the rights and privileges of noble men and women legally defined by Catherine the Great of Russia in exchange for the assurance that the nobility would serve the state voluntarily. privileges included the right of transmitting noble status toa nobleman's wife and children, the judicial protection of noble rights and property, considerable power over the serfs, and exemption from personal taxes
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banalités
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feudal dues that nearly all French peasants were subject to. including use for payment of the lord's mill and oven
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robot
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required service to the lords by serfs in many Habsburg lands
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vingtième
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payment that the French nobles were technically liable for but rarely had to be paid in full
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gentry
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english nobles who benefited from the game laws and whose parliamentary representatives had passed them also served as the local justices of the peace who enforced the laws and punish their vilation. they could also punish wealthier poachers with immense fees and employed gamekeepers.
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higglers
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intermediaries who bought illegal game and smuggled it into the cities
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enclosures
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arable land consolidated to not use the open field method in order to increase productions. they were intended to use land more rationally and to achieve greater commercial profits. procedures included fencing of common lands, the reclamation of previously untilled waste, and the transformation of strips into block fields. often brought turmoil to the economic and social life of the countryside ensuing riots.
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bourgeois
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a french term used to describe something like a peasant or used to refer to peasants
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puddling process
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a new method for melting and stirring molten ore introduced by Henry Cort. it produced purer iron
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robert clive
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a brit who saw the developing power vacuum as providing opportunities for expanding the control of their respective companies. british commander of the forces who defeated france's indian allies at the battle of plassey
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Casa de Contratación (house of trade)
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located in Seville it regulated all trade in Spain with the New World. the most influential institution of the empire. its power and the council of the indies' power diminished after Charles III's reforms
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Consulado
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the merchant guild of Seville who worked closely with the members of the Casa
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flota
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the fleet of commercial vessels controlled by Seville merchants and escorted by warships that carried merchandise from Spain to a few specified ports in America. it worked imperfectly but trade outside it was illegal
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Philip V
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Bourbon who tried to use French administrative skills to reassert the imperial trade monopoly which had decayed under the last Spanish Habsburgs, and thus improve the domestic economy and revive Spanish power in Europe. placed Spanish coastal patrol vessels to suppress smuggling in Americas
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Charles III
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the most important of the imperial reformers who attempted to reassert Spain's control of the empire. emphasized royals ministers over councils diminishing the Casa and Council of the Indies' role. abolished the monopolies of Seville and Cádiz and permitted other Spanish cities to trade with America. open more South American and Caribbean ports to trade and authorized commerce between Spanish ports in America.
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peninsulares
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persons born in Spain many of whom entered the New World to fill new posts which were often the msot profitable jobs in the region.
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creoles
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persons of European descent born in Spanish colonies who came to feel second class subjects as a result of Charles' policies. this resentment would provide a major source of the discontent leading to the wars of independence in the early nineteenth century
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Council of the Indies
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The council assigned, by the Castilian monarch, to govern the Americas nominating viceroys
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triangular trade
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the roughly geographic triangle created by the cycle of European goods, often guns, taken to Africa in exchange for slaves who were then taken to the West Indies, where they wre traded for sugar and other tropical products which were then shipped back to Europe. another major trade pattern existed between New England and the West Indies with New England fish, rum, or lumber being traded for sugar.
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The War of Jenkins Ear
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the war of Britain and Spain where Britain tried to stop Spain from intervening with British ships which often were smuggling because a British captain Jenkin's ear was cut off by a Spanish captain
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War of Austrian Succession
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started by Frederick II's seizure of the Austrian province of Silesia which shattered the provisions of the Pragmatic Sanction and upset the continental balance of power. was united with the war between Spain and Britain after aristocrats compelled France to support Prussia against their traditional enemy Austria and then France supported Spain against britain in the new world. this greatly depleted France's funds. it ended in a stalemate Britain became the victor
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Frederick II
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seized the Austrian province of Silesia within seven months of being king of Prussia. feared an alliance of Russia and Austria. precipitated a war that expanded into a colonial theater. opened the Seven Years War by invading Saxony because he considered this to be a preemptive strike against a conspiracy by Saxony, Austria, and France to destroy Prussian Power. viewed this action as a continuation of the Convention at Westminster received much financial aid from William PItt
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Maria Theresa
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preserved the Habsburg Empire as a major political power. won support by granting new privileges to the nobility and recognized Hungary as the most important of her crowns and promised the Magyar nobility local autonomy. didn't like the Diplomatic revolution
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George II
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thought the French might attack Hanover in response to the conflict in America so signed the Convention of Westminster aimed at preventing the entry of foreign troops into the German states.
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Convention of westminster
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signed alliance between Britain and Prussia aimed at preventing the entry of foreign troops into the German states. meant that Britain allied with Austria's, it's long time ally, enemy. meant that France should ally with Austria to dismember Prussia
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The Diplomatic Revolution
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the switch of Great Britain's and France's traditional allies where France allied with Prussia against Austria and France with Austria against Prussia
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The Seven Years War
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war started by Frederick II's invasion of Saxony in which Prussia was saved by Britain's pumping of money into it and its loss of its major enemy Russia from Peter III's, an admirer of Frederick, rise to the thrown. extended Britain territories beyond the Saint Lawrence valley and the Great Lakes basin to major islands of the French West Indies that greatly helped British economy. and extended domain in India too. gave Prussia's permanent control of Silesia and turned the Holy Roman Empire into an empty shell. made France no longer a great colonial power.
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William Pitt the Eler
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the architect of Britain's victories in all theaters of battles who had a colossal ego and administrative genius. once secretary of state pumped lots of money into Prussia. his real concern lied in North America which he won. extended Britain's dominance everywhere.
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James Wolfe
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the commander of the British army that defeated the French in the valley of the Saint Lawrence River at Quebec City
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Louis Joseph de Montcalm
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the commander of the French army that lost to the British in the valley of the Saint Lawrence River at Quebec City.
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George III
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had quarreled wit WIlliam Pitt the Elder over Policy. declared colonists in rebellion. made policies that led to American Revolution. tried to make Britain more absolutist and sttled with Lord North as his minister. not a tyrant but went insane
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Treaty of Paris of 1763
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treaty that gave terms to peace of the seven years' war. faced British with two imperial problems: maintaining the vast empire so they felt colonies had to help since they most benefited, and the organization of the new territory in North America
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Battle of PLassey
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victory of British in India over France Indian allies that opened the way for the eventual conquest of Bengal in northeast India and later of all of India by the British East India Company
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Stamp Act
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Britain's tax on all paper items which Parliament approved and thought fair because the revenue went to the colonies. repealed after the colonists agreed to refuse to import British goods
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Charles Townshend
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led Parliament to pass a series of revenue acts relating to colonial imports known as the Townshend duties which the colonists again resisted and was repealed by Parliament after the Boston Massacre
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Lord North
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the British minister who was determined to assert Parliament's authority over the colonies. led to the Intolerable Acts and Quebec Act
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Intolerable Acts
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closed the port of Boston, reorganized the government of Massachusetts, allowed troops to be quartered in private homes, and removed the trials of royal customs officials to England
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Quebec Act
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extended the boundaries of Quebec to include the Ohio River valley which Americans regarded as an attempt to prevent their mode of self government from spreading beyond the Appalachian Mountains
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Common Sense
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Tomas Paine's pamphlet that galvanized public opinion in favor of separation from Britain
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John Wilkes
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a London political radical and member of Parliament who published a newspaper called The North Briton. was arrested under the authority of a general warrant issued by the secretary of state because of libel in his newspaper. he soon fled the country and was outlawed but enjoyed widespread support. he returned and was elected into Parliament but George III refused to allow it. large unruly demonstrations by shopkeepers, artisans, and small property owners supported Wilkes as did aristocratic politicians who wished to humiliate George III. his protest were implications of Britain's self selected aristocratic political body like that of America's.
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The Yorkshire Association Movement
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a mass meeting of property holders in Yorkshire that demanded moderate changes in the corrupt system of parliamentary elections and had some victories.
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William Pitt the Younger
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got immense patronage support from the crown and constructed a House of Commons favorable to the monarch. sought to formulate trade policies that would give his ministry broad popularity
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