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28 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What does MS mean?

disease of demyelination and astrogliosis with some axonal destruction.


Literally means "many scars"

How many neurons in the brain?

100 billion

Which area of the brain does MS affect?

Damage is very diffuse.

What occurs when lesions are damaged as MS progresses?

Symptoms become prevelant as a result of axonal destruction and neuron loss.

Central Symptoms in MS
(from the brain)

·Fatigue
·Unstable mood
·Cognitive depression
·Unstable mood

What causes the fatigue for MS?

(Myelin has broken up so much, that the neurons have to work over time to perform tasks that normally required little effort)

Visual Symptoms in MS?


·Nystagmus
·Optic neuritis (often 1stsymptom)
Diplopia

Speech Symptoms in MS

Dysartiva (movement disorder of the mouthcausing individuals to be unable to pronounce words properly

Multosceletal Symptoms in MS

·Ataxias
·Weakness
·Spasms

Throat symptoms in MS

Dysphagia

Sensation Symptoms in MS

Pain
Hypoesthesias


Paraesthesias

Bowel Symptoms in MS

·Diarrhea or constipation
·Incontinence

Urinary Symptoms in MS

·Frequency or retention


·Incontinence

How does MS affect the immune system

The immune systemstarts to attack the myelin cells in the brain. A theory is that this occursbecause the immune system is unable to shut down.

Two main cells that play a part in the immune system during MS development

T cells develop in the thylamus gland. They overproduce cytokines which are behind the attacks.
B cells (from bone marrow) produce antibodies to flush foreign substances out

Which gender does MS mainly target?

Females

What are the age demographics for MS?

Early 20ies and late 30ies (80% of the working age)

Does temperature have anything to do with MS?

Yes. MS occurs more frequently to countries that are further away from the equator.

How can MS be diagnosed?

MRI scans


Emergence of CIS or first demyelnation event

EDSS Scale for MS.

0 = normal neurological examination
1 = no disability, but minimal signs in one neurological symptom
2 = minimal disability in one neurological symptom
9 = confined to bed


10 = Death

Define an MS relapse

Occurrence, recurrence or worsening of neurological symptom(s)associated with confirmatory change on neurological examination, lasting morethan 48 hr, not associated with fever & occurring after at least 30 days ofimprovement or stability



What affects the severity of an MS relapse?

Location of the legions

Infectious factors of MS

Epstein Barr - glandular fever
Smoking

Genetic factors of MS

Ethnic background (“Vikings disease”?) – theory that MS originated with theVikings in Scotland




Having a sibling or 1st degree relative

Which cognitive functions are affected most by MS?

o Speed of information processing
o New learning & memory


o“Working memory” (“loading dock” formemory storage)


“Executive functions”such as abstract reasoning, planning & problem-solving


Prospective memory = remembering future evemts

Cognitive domains least affected by MS?

o General knowledge
o Basic attention and orientation


o Language (other than precise & fastword-finding)


o General visuo-constructive skills

Social effect of MS

· Pseudobular affect - uncontrollable laughing/crying


Theory of mind- (ability to know what another person isthinking or feeling)
Emotional lability·
Inappropriate behaviour (e.g., sexualdisinhibition)

Two main treatments for MS relapse?

o Corticosteroids


o Plasma exchange