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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The glomerular capillary bed and the peritubular capillaries of each nephron may be considered as a kind of tiny:
a. negative feed-back system b. alveolar-capillary unit c. portal system d. adrenal gland medulla e. umbilical cord |
c. portal system
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Endothelial pores of the glomerular capillaries do not restrict the passage of most dissolved substances, but the basement membrane normally restricts the passage of:
a. amino acids b. glucose c. large protein molecules d. nitrogenous wastes e. all of the above |
c. large protein molecules
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The Loop of Henle is important in reabsorbing from the filtrate all of the following except:
a. glucose b. K+ c. Na+ d. Cl- e. water |
a. glucose
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Blood pressure in the afferent arteriole of the glomerurlus is sensed by a specialized cluster of cells in the wall of an adjacent tubule that is called the juxta-glomerular apparatus. When the pressure falls, the JGA secretes into the bloodstream an enzyme called:
a. secretin b. serotonin c. renin d. angiotensin e. aldosterone |
c. renin
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The substance secreted by the JGA into the blood stream then serves as an enzyme to convert a liver product into:
a. secretin b. serotonin c. renin d. angiotensin e. aldosterone |
d. angiotensin
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The substance converted from the liver product then helps raise the blood pressure by directly causing arterioles to constrict and increase peripheral resistance. The substance also stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete:
a. secretin b. serotonin c. renin d. angiotensin e. aldosterone |
e. aldosterone
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The smooth area at the base of the bladder bounded by the two ureteral openings and the single urethral entrance is the:
a. urogenital diaphragm b. mous veneris c. verumontanum d. trigone e. bulbocavernosus muscle |
d. trigone
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Parasympathetic nerve stimuli to the intestine:
a. promote peristalsis b. diminish peristalsis c. open sphincters d. close sphincters e. both a and c |
e. both a and c (promote peristalsis and opensphincters)
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Peptides are chains of amino acids resulting from the partial break-down of proteins. This is started in the stomach largely by the digestive action of:
a. pepsinogen b. pepsin in an acid solution (pH 2.0) c. pepsin in an alkaline solution (pH 8.0) d. hydrochloric acid alone e. gastric lipase |
b. pepsin in an acid solution (pH 2.0)
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The completion of carbohydrate digestion takes place as partially digested chyme moves through the upper small intestine. Starches are reduced to maltose, a disaccharide, by pancreatic amylase. This and two other disaccharides that are ingested as such are all split into monosaccharides by the action of:
a. maltas b. sucrase c. lactase d. all of the above e. none of the above, but by peptidases |
d. all of the above (maltase, sucrase, lactase)
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Protein digestion begins in the acid environment of the stomach and is continued in the alkaline enviornment of the small intestine by the action of:
1. maltase b. sucrase c. lactase d. all of the above e. none of the above, but by peptidases |
e. none of the above, but by the peptidases
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Pancreatic secretion, like gastric secretion, is regulated by both nervous and hormonal mechanisms. Parasympathetic impulses via the vagus nerve stimulate secretion. Hormonal action on the pancreas is through:
a. pepsinogen and pepsin b. trypsinogen and trypsin c. secretin and cholecystokinin d. insulin and glucagon e. salivary and pancreatic amylases |
c. secretin and cholecystokinin
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Pancreatic enzymes work best in solutions that are:
a. highly acid (1.0-5.7) b. slightly acid (5.8-6.9) c. exactly neutral (7) d. slightly alkaline (7.1-8.2) e. highly alkaline (8.3-9.5) |
d. slightly alkaline (pH 7.1-8.2)
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Peptidases are a class of enzymes that digest protein. The pancreas secretes the following peptidases:
a. aminopeptidase and dipeptidase b. carboxypolypeptidase and elastase c. trypsin and chymotrypsin d. all of the above e. only b and c |
e. only b and c
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Neutral fats that have been emulsified by the detergent-like effect of bile salts are broken down into fatty acids and monoglycerides by:
a. pancreatic and intestinal nucleases b. gastric and pancreatic lipases c. pancreatic and intestinal peptidases d. all of the above e. none of the above |
b. gastric and pancreatic lipases
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Spherical aggregates of lipids called chylomicrons enter the:
a. common bile duct b. two pancreatic ducts c. lacrimal ducts d. lacteal vessels of the villi e. blood capillaries of the villi |
d. lacteal vessels of the villi
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Chyme containing a lot of fat and undigested protein stimulates certain intestinal mucosal cells to secrete cholecystokinin (CCK) which:
a. emulsifies the fat b. breaks down the protein directly c. stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice d. causes the gallbladder to empty e. both c and d |
e. both c and d, stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and causes the gallbladder to empty
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An alveolus is a cup-like sac at the end of the pulmonary airway, usually grouped into an alveolar sac with a common entrance. These terminal structures of the lung are intimately surrounded by
a. endolymph b. perilymph c. lymphatic vessels d. blood capillaries e. both c and d |
d. blood capillaries
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Oxygenated blood flowing away from the alveoli is carried to the heart via the:
a. aorta b. inferia vena cava c. superior vena cava d. pulmonary artery e. pulmonary veins |
e. pulmonary veins
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Shallow breathing involves mainly contraction of the external intercostal muscles; deep abdominal breathing involves contraction of the diaphragm. Forced inspiration to get maximal expansion of the lungs adds the contraction of the:
a. pectoralis minor b. external intercostals c. sternocleidomastoids d. scalenes e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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After exhaling as forcibly as possible, one then takes a maximally deep breath, the total volume of new air in the lungs is called the:
a. vital capacity b. tidal volume c. total lung capacity d. inspiratory reserve volume e. residual volume |
a. vital capacity
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The principle hormone important in lactation is:
a. estrogen b. progesterone c. oxytocin d. prolactin e. c and d |
e. c and d
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The average human gestation period is about:
a. 28 weeks b. 32 weeks c. 38 weeks d. 42 weeks e. 48 weeks |
c. 38 weeks
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A normal functional mature T cell must recognize self-MHC (through positive selection) and not react to self proteins (through negative selection). If negative selection fails, what may result?
a. apoptosis b. autoimmunity c. anergy d. immunological surveillance e. detection |
b. autoimmunity
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The large, darkly-staining cytoplasmic granules of basophils intensify defensive inflammatory processes and participate in allergic reactions because they release biologically active substances, namely:
a. heparin b. histamine c. serotonin d. all of the above e. none of the above |
d. all of the above
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T lymphocytes synthesize and release proteins that can provide certain information that influences the activities of other immune cells. These messenger proteins are:
a. lymphotoxins b. cytokines c. immunoglobulins d. lysozymes e. neurotransmitters |
b. cytokines
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Antigen-presenting cells that ingest, process, and identify specific antigenic substances and relay this bit of information to lymphocytes for their specific action against the foreign invader include all but:
a. macrophages b. dendritic cells c. B cells d. Langerhans cells e. neutrophils |
e. neutrophils
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The life span of the normal erythrocyte is approximately:
a. 14 days b. 30 days c. 60 days d. 120 days e. 360 days |
d. 120 days
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The abnormal condition in which the number of functional erythrocytes or their hemoglobin content is below normal is called:
a. erythropoiesis b. hypoxia c. anemia d. polycythemia e. leukemia |
c. anemia
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Fragments of cytoplasm shed from some extremely large cells in the bone marrow into the blood stream to play a part in blood clotting are called:
a. fibrin clots b. agglutinins c. platelets d. thrombocytes e. either c or d |
e. either c or d, platelets and thrombocytes
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The structure or structures that prevent(s) backflow into the ventricles:
a. interventricular septum b. valves in the peripheral veins c. atrioventricular vales (mitral and tricuspid) d. pericardium e. aortic and pulmonary valves |
e. aortic and pulmonary valves
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Blood for the nourishment of the heart is carried to the myocardium through:
a. coronary sinus b. ductus arteriosus c. coronary veins d. coronary arteries e. foramen ovale |
d. coronary arteries
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The major control of normal blood flow to the various organs of the body including skin is:
a. by constriction of capillaries only b. by constriction of pre-capillary arterioles c. by relaxation of muscular arteries d. by shunting of blood through lymphatic vessels e. by combined action of b and c |
e. by combined actions of b and c: by constriction of precapillary arterioles and by relaxation of muscular arteries
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The artery most often used in nursing practice for counting the pulse rate is the:
a. radial artery b. ulnar artery c. temporal artery d. femoral artery e. posterior tibial artery |
a. radial artery
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The major vessel that normally carries de-oxygenated blood to the lungs is the:
a. common carotid artery b. brachial artery c. renal vein d. hepatic vein e. pulmonary trunk |
e. pulmonary trunk
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Blood passing through the hepatic portal system comes from all of the following organs except the:
a. stomach and upper small intestine b. lower small intestine and large intestine c. pancreas d. spleen e. kidneys |
e. kidneys
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The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) consists primarily of neurosecretory cells extending from cell bodies in the hypothalamus and ending on blood capillaries into which they directly secrete:
a. prolactin b. oxytocin c. antidiuretic hormone d. a and b only e. b and c only |
e. b and c only, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
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The middle zone of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids that regulate normal metabolism and resistance to stress. The outer zones secrete mineralo-corticoids, the principal one acting on the kidneys to prevent loss of sodium in the urine is called:
a. estrogen b. testosterone c. aldosterone d. glucagon e. insulin |
c. aldosterone
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Insulin is produced in the pancreatic islet by:
a. alpha cells b. beta cells c. delta cells d. F cells e. all of the above |
b. beta cells
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The membrane around the surface of the bone not covered by articular cartilage is the:
a. metaphysis b. endosteum c. periosteum d. osteogenic layer e. distal epiphyses |
c. periosteum
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Anaerobic cellular respiration:
a. requires oxygen b. generates ATP by glycolysis c. generates ATP by oxidation of pyruvic acid d. generates enough ATP for prolonged activity e. results in the generation of carbon dioxide and water |
b. generates ATP by glycolysis
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The process of increasing the number of active motor units is called:
a. incomplete tetanus b. recruitment (multiple motor unit summation) c. complete tetanus d. wave (temporal) summation e. twitch contraction |
b. recruitment (multiple motor unit summation)
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A muscle that steadies a movement thus preventing unwanted movement is called:
a. agonist (prime mover) b. synergist c. antagonist d. adductor e. abductor |
b. synergist
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Structures on the opposite side of the body are referred to as:
a. ipsilateral b. contralateral c. lateral d. medial e. parietal |
b. contralateral
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Adrenergic fibers of the autonomic nervous system mostly include sympathetic post ganglionic axons. On the other hand cholinergic fibers mostly include:
a. sympathetic preganglionic axons b. parasympathetic preganglionic axons c. parasympathetic postganglionic axons d. sympathetic post ganglionic axons to sweat glands. e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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Autonomic reflexes include
a. interceptors b. sensory neurons c. motor neurons d. interneurons e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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The effects of an agent that inhibits acetylcholinesterase would include:
a. dilation of the pupils b. increased salivation c. Tachycardia d. decreased sweating e. dilation of the bronchial airways |
b. increased salivation
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Tic douloureaux is a very painful condition involving the face, while "Bell's palsy" is a paralysis of the muscles, usually one sided. These conditions are due to involvement of two cranial nerves that supply some of the sensory and motor innervation of the face:
a. olfactory and optic (I, II) b. oculomotor and trochlear (III, IV) c. trigeminal and facial (V, vii) d. glossopharyngeal and vagus (IX, X) e. accessory and hypoglossal (XI, XII) |
c. trigeminal and facial (V, Vii)
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Function and chemical composition of bacterial structure: Cell wall/cell membrane
What type of bacteria have this? |
Gram positives only
Function: Major surface antigen Chemical composition: Teichoic acid, which induces TNF and IL-1 |
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When the head moves in almost any plane, very sensitive hair cells sense the movement and maintain the body's dynamic equilibrium because they are bent over by the flow of:
a. aqueous humor b. cerumen c. tympanic membrane d. cerebrospinal fluid e. otolithic membrane |
e. otolithic membrane
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