Multicultural America

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Status

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A position that one holds or a category that one occupies in society.

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Role

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Specifies expected behavior that goes along with a specific status.

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Master status

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One that has a profound effect on one's life, that dominates or overwhelms the other statuses that one occupies--culturally determined.

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Essentialism

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Reality exists independently of our perception of it; i.e., that there are real and important (essential) differences among categories of people.

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Social constructionist

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Reality cannot be separated from the way a culture makes sense of it--that meaning is "constructed" through social, political, legal, scientific and other processes.

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Ideology

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A body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual group, class or culture--such as hard work = success

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Meritocracy

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the most skilled people ahve better jobs and the least skilled people have the lowest paying jobs, regardless of race, gender, age and other factors. This is the hegemonic ideology in the U.S. society.

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Hegemonic ideologies

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Those ideas that are so influential that they dominate all other ideologies.

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Discrimination

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Refers to actions that deny equal treatment to persons perceived to be members of some social category or group.

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Individual discrimination

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The behavior of individual members of one group/category that is intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect on members of another goup/category.

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Institutional discrimination

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The policies of dominant group institutions, and the behavior of individuals who implement these policies and control these institutions, that are intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect on subordinate groups.

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Structural discrimination

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Policies of dominant group insititutions and the behavior of the individuals who implement these policies and control these institutions, that are race/class/gender/sexuality-neutral in intent but hae a differential and/or harmful effect on subordinate groups.

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Two ways class is defined

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Wealth (worth of what you own) and income (money you make)

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Social mobility

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individuals moving up or down in terms of their class level.

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Intergenerational mobility

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A child's class position relative to the child's parent

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Intragenerational mobility

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the degree to which a young worker who enters the labor force can improve his or her class position wihtin a single lifetime.

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Classism

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a system that stigmatizes poor and working-class people and their cultures and assigns high status to the affluent and their culture solely because of their relative wealth.

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The cultural explanation of poverty

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Theory that some substantial proportion of poor people have cultural values, passed on from one generation to the next, that cause them to be non competitive in the workforce.

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Exploitation

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Where the dominate group uses the subordinate group for its own ends.

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Racial group

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a social group that is socially defined as having certain biological characteristcs that set them apart from other groups, often in indivious ways.

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Racism

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A system of oppression based on race.

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Traditional racism

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belief that blacks were biologically inferior; support of racial separation

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New discrimination

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Don't think you're racist, think black oppression is over, any inequality is because of black culture and have fear of blacks.

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Ethnoviolence

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acts motivated by prejudice intending to physical or psychological harm because of their group membership

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Sex

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refers to the physical and biological differences between the categories of male and female.

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Gender

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Refers tot he behavior that is culturally defined as appropriate and inappropriate for males and females

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Intersexed

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They have physical attributes of both males and females

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Transgendered

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Feel their gender identity doesn't match their physiological body

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Transsexuals

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When transgendered people take hormones, begin to live as the opposite sex and have sex-change operations

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Partriarchy

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a hierarchal system that promotes male supremacy

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Sexism

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A system of oppression based on gender; only women are oppressed because of their gender.

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Liberal feminism

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Most mainstream, stresses the importance the importance of equality of women with men within the existing political and economic structures in society.

From this perspective, the most common cause of gendre inequality is IDd as cultural attitudes with regard to gender role socialization.

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Radial feminism

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IDs male dominance and control as the cause of gender inequality and argues that these must be eliminated from all socail institutions.

Men's control of women's sexuality and the norm of heterosexuality are identified as the core of women's oppression.

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Marxist feminism

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Views women's oppression as a functin of class relations in a capitalist society. Women are twice-burdened in this analysis; the are oppressed economically in low-wage jobs in the labor market and they are oppressed by their unpaid family responsibilities centered around reproductive labor.

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Socialist feminists

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combine the Marxist and radical feminist perspectives and identify as the causes of gender inequality and women's oppression both patriarchy and capitalism in public as well as private spheres of life.

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Women of color feminists

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Introduce the concept of "intersctionalities" to understand the interlocking sites of oppression; they examine how the categories of race, class, gender and sexuality in the intersecting systems of domination rely on each other to function

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General definition of feminism

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A movement to end sexist oppression

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Occupational sex segregation

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The differential distribution of men and women in the labor force

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Sexual orientation

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Determined by those to whom we are attracted sexually, physically and emotionally.

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Sexual identification

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What people call themselves (GLBT or hetero)

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Heterosexism

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A system of oppression against the GLBT population

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Most common form of individual discrimination against gays

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verbal harassment