Mtel History 06 Test Objectives

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0001

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Indigenous societies through Colonial period

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Political Features of Native American Societies

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Tribal, Some formed small regional empires (Aztec, Mayan, Incan) but largely only in South America, Metacultures included Olmecs (Mexico), Mississippian (North America), Inuit (Arctic), somewhat matrilineal (women preserved tribal culture during colonization, regional tribal networks in NA (Algonquian, Iroquois, etc.), cheiftains, wars over territory and resources, often resolved with agreements

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Economic Features of Native American Societies

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Largely hunt and gather, trade w/ other tribes and explorers, marginal agriculture, except for southern empires who had agricultural revolution (transforming them into empires/city-states

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Social Features of Native American Societies

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Largely based on their living conditions, often worshiped gods/entities that related to harvests, hunting, nature, seasons. Required land to live so spiritual ideas were often nature-centric, focus on tribal stability and survival and preservation of life so as to maintain the tribe into the future, war was largely discouraged/avoided

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Spanish exploration and colonization

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in search of wealth and gold, conquistadores, encomienda system, spanish crown based economy on shipments of gold not building local industry leading to spanish collapse eventually, Aztec saw Cortes as a messenger from Quetzacotl, Cortes crushed aztecs, city of gold, most intermarraige of europeans and natives, Metizos and other mixed groups that continue to today

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French exploration and colonization

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Largely in search of lucrative fur trade in NA, built trade network from New France down Mississippi to New Orleans/Louisiana, Never established any strong colonies, trade centers and bases, collaborated with Natives, least invasive/destructive

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English exploration and colonization

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Varied interests, largely economic (southern NA plantations), but also many came in search of religious freedom (Quakers, Pilgrims/Puritains), failed experiments in Jamestown and Roanoke, charters from the crown to use land, joint stock companies and operations

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Columbian Exchange, COnflict and Coexistence

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exchange of goods, disease, religions, people, and wars guided divisions and collaborations, French fur trade, 90% death rate among natives after exposure to European diseases devastated native societies, forced many to combine tribes/refugees, Maize, Potatoes, Manoic, Peanut and Tomatoes spread eastward and helped feed people, natives enslaved

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Characteristics and differences between England’s NA colonies

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Northern colonies more religious and town-centric. Southern colonies built more on economic interest through joint stock companies and plantations / megacrop industries (tobacco, rice, cotton, etc.) North more subsistence farming mixed with small industry in the cities, south focused more on commercial agriculture (need for large source of free labor drove slave trade in the US)

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Mayflower Compact

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Founding document of plymouth colony, written because mayflower was supposed to land in VA, but it couldn’t make it there because of storms, colonists decided to forge the document as a collective agreement to self-govern as the royal charter did not apply to Massachusetts. Emphasized popular soverignty and majoritarian rule

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Massachusetts Town Government

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Town meetings, Open and representative, empasizing direct democracy and involvement

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Southern Plantation Agriculture and the emergence of Slavery

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Southern economic model based on commercial agriculture, labor power provided first by indentured servants and captured native slaves (who would often run away/escape), Drove NA slave trade as plantation owners of all sizes sought cheaper labor that was easier to manage, mostly smaller family plantations with a handful of slaves, but some larger ones, come indentured servants became plantation owners/subsistence farmers, but most struggled during hard economic times.

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Relation between colonies and Europe

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French: were seen as part of the kindgom/republic, Spanish: Were part of the kingdom/empire, English/Dutch etc.:DId not usually see themselves as part of the kingdom/empire, all colonies provided goods to mainland states, english colonies began to accumulate independent wealth and small-scale industry

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Ethnic and religious Diversity of colonists

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French and Spanish: largely catholic, largely interested in trade, English/Dutch etc: Largely protestant, Puritains, Mennonites, religious minorities, etc.

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Anglo-American Intellectual Heritage

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Protestantism was central to most concepts, community responsibility derived from need for collective support in order for community to survive, education to create an informed citizenry and innovate, first to create a state on enlightenment principles, established a new age of ideology when it comes to power and authority

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Colonial Divergence from England

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Many colonists left England b/c of religious persecution, English colonies were a mix of various ethnic groups from Europe (western mostly), No direct tie to the crown, many sought to create something new in colonies than to be subjects, conflicts between colonial assemblies and royal governors, greater social mobility in colonies, resistance to trade and navigation laws

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Revolutionary War to Jacksonian Era

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Causes of the Revolutionary War

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Post French/Indian war British sought to replenish their purse by taxing in the colonies; Stamp Act of 1765, Townshend Act, Intolerable Acts; Westward expansion of colonists; Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party; Colonial economic interest to retain their wealth

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Popular vs. Royal Sovereignty

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Colonists believed that power came from the people (popular democratic republican politics), British believed power came [from god] through a king (power in the hands of kings royal established order)

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Important Battles/Events of the Revolutionary War

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Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Battle of Quebec, Trenton, Charleston, Saratoga, Rhode Island, Kings mountain, Cowpens, Yorktown 1781; Franklin gets French support, French join at the end;

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Gen. George Washington

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First US President, led troops in revolution, crossed the Delaware for Battle of Trenton, Valley Forge, and Yorktown

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Treaty of Paris

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1783, gave British territories in the west to the US (east of Mississippi / south of Great Lakes), Spain took Florida, British retained Canada

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Lexington and Concord

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were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.[9][10] They were fought on April 19, 1775, in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge, near Boston. The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen of its colonies on the mainland of British America; Paul Revere;

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Bunker Hill

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took place on June 17, 1775, mostly on and around Breed's Hill, during the Siege of Boston early in the American Revolutionary War

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Saratoga

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marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. British General John Burgoyne led a large invasion army down from Canada; he was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York. Burgoyne fought two small battles to break out. They took place eighteen days apart on the same ground, 9 miles (14 km) south of Saratoga, New York. They both failed. Trapped by superior American forces, with no relief in sight, Burgoyne surrendered his entire army on October 17. His surrender, says historian Edmund Morgan, "was a great turning point of the war, because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory.[8]

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Yorktown

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the latter taking place on October 19, 1781 at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British lord and Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis. The culmination of the Yorktown campaign, the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War, as the surrender by Cornwallis, and the capture of both him and his army, prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict.

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Articles of Confederation

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First unifying document of US, gave most power to states, federal government to be financed at the will of states, did not address need to pay federal debts, states could not be compelled to pay federal government, states could print their own currency, federal govt could not print currency, led to economic troubles and lack of unity among states

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US constitution

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Established strong federal government, allowed the creation of a federal currency/bonding to pay debt, did not include a statement of rights, tied states together in federal debt, some felt it was an over-reach, but was needed for economic purposes, resistance largely based on exclusions of rights statements, though BOR was quickly passed after ratification

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Political developments of the Early Republic

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Federalism vs. Republicanism; Federalists (Hamilton) urged strong central state and bank to create a stable economy, Republicans urged individual liberties and resisted political structure that seemed similar to royal authority; Political parties emerged out of this division following the retirement of George Washington; Political parties and events became very commonplace and well attended

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Emergence of the Supreme Court

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was established pursuant to Article III of the United States Constitution in 1789 as the highest federal court in the United States. It has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and over state court cases involving issues of federal law, plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the final interpreter of federal constitutional law, although it may only act within the context of a case in which it has jurisdiction. gained power during the Marshall court via several major judicial decisions

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War of 1812

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was a two and a half-year military conflict between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, its North American colonies and its Indian allies. The outcome resolved many issues which remained from the American War of Independence, but involved no boundary changes. The United States declared war in 1812 for several reasons, including trade restrictions brought about by Britain's continuing war with France, the impressment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, outrage over insults to national honour after humiliations on the high seas, and possible American interest in annexing British North American territory (part of modern-day Canada) which had been denied to them in the settlement ending the American Revolutionary War.[3]

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Monroe Doctrine

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declared that all of America is protected from European colonization, established US will to interfere in regional affairs, opposed further colonial expansion from Europe and supported independence movements

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Early industrialization in New England

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Small industry based in the home to small scale industrial production to full industrialization through mills and repositioning the location/centralization of labor; originally financed from Britain by capitalists who sought other places outside of the island to make wealth; eventually enriched a local capitalist class who further expanded industrialization in the region

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Politics of the Jacksonian Era

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White Male suffrage; abolished property and tax requirements for voting; greater numbers of voters (300k to over 1 million in four years); party politics and popular involvement, the Adams presidency and the “corrupt bargain” with Speaker Clay

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Antebellum Reform

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Second Great Awakening; Education Reform; Prison Reform; Temperance Movement; Women’s Rights; http://www.slideshare.net/mklopfenstein/antebellum-reform-movements-presentation

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Westward Expansion, Civil War, and Reconstruction

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Geography and Westward expansion

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Focus was on rich lands between Appalachians and Mississippi River

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Louisiana Purchase

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1803 purchase of Louisiana Territory from French for $15 million US Dollars, encompassing modern day. The land purchased contained all of present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska; parts of Minnesota that were west of the Mississippi River; most of North Dakota; most of South Dakota; northeastern New Mexico; northern Texas; the portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, including the city of New Orleans; and small portions of land that would eventually become part of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.

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Manifest Destiny

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The belief that American colonists were destined to expand westward included: The special virtues of the American people and their institutions; America’s mission to redeem and remake the west in the image of agrarian America; An irresistible destiny to accomplish this essential duty

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Major Territorial Acquisitions

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Louisiana Purchase, Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida), Texas Annexation 1819, Capture of Mexican land after Mexican-American War, Oregon Territory, Gadsden Purchase (Southwest, Border with Mexico), Alaska Purchase (1867), Annexation of Hawaii (1898)

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Indian Removal

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Native peoples were forced onto plantations and pushed westward as colonists expanded into their territory. Colonists wanted removal of Indians, civilized or not, greed, racism, land grabbing, deception, bribery, threats; forced removal of five tribes to Oklahoma under Andrew Jackson; Cherokee Refusal; 1838 Trail of Tears

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Mexican American War

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started between white settlers of Texas and new independent Mexican government, conflict over role of Catholic church, slavery (Mexico abolished it), Mexican authority over Texas; white Texans called for liberty, but defended slavery; General Antonio Lopez Santa Anna, Stephen F. Austin, William B. Travis, Sam Houston; Capture of Mexican forces in Texas, independence

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Sectional Differences/Northern Way of life and economics

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Subsistence, family farms, agriculture, religious doctrine, town life, industrial development, greater specialization and urbanization, south: based more on business and slavery

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Southern Way of Life and economics

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Slavery, Plantations, free labor, macro-farming, extremely sectional, little industry, flouting crop prices limited capital gains for small farmers

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Sectional Conflict

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conflict largely over issues related to economics, slavery, and historical culture/tradition/focus, led to civil war

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Missouri Compromise

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1820, 30/60, prohibited slavery north of that line, except in the case of the MO territory, drew a concrete line that represented the sectional conflict, attempt to resolve political conflicts over slavery, repealed and dismissed later on.

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Abolitionism

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Movement to abolish slavery, took many forms and had many leaders/direction, but influenced national politics by influencing the discourse and pushing the issue, Some members were racist and wanted to abolish slavery but stop short to recognizing blacks/slaves as human, gained support from the north mostly, though not whole-heartedly, grew out of antebellum reform movements

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Events leading to Secession

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Sectionalism, various attempts at compromising slavery, rise of abolitionism, election of Lincoln (identified as being sympathetic to Abolitionism), economic differences

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Compromise of 1850

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A series of five bills that delayed sectional conflict for 4 more years, both sides disliked parts, but south got the Fugitive Slave Act passed, California admitted as free state, Texas gave revoked claims to New Mexico and north of Missouri Compromise line in return for debt relief, future states could decide if they would be free or slave

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Kansas/Nebraska Act

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Admitted Kansas and Nebraska as states with hopes of spurring farm growth and railroad expansion, popular sovereignty clause added to define free or slave status, led to a flood of colonists both pro and anti-slavery in hopes to vote free or slave status, led to a bloody civil war over status of slavery, effectively repealed Missouri Compromise of 1820, many in north felt betrayed as Kansas was free territory/region; led to new republican party being founded

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Dred/Scott case

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was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that African Americans, whether slave or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court, and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States.

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John Brown

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Led several units during the 1856 conflict in Kansas killed slavery supporters, abolitionist, argued for armed insurrection to end slavery, led a rebellion of former and current slaves at Harper’s Ferry to capture a weapons depot (failed), Brown and few surviving members of his party were executed a few days after; sparked widespread fear among whites that free blacks would rebel and kill them, was used in part as an argument against emancipation

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Abraham Lincoln

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Lost early congressional election to Stephen Douglas but had renowned debates in the process, won presidency in 1860 with 180 electoral votes, though he did not receive a popular mandate, voting went largely along sectional lines; led north through civil war, emancipation proclamation, assassinated in April 15, 1865; opposed slavery, but not an abolitionist; Lawyer

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Significant Battles during the Civil War

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Fort Sumter, Bull Run, Shiloh, Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg

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Fort Sumter

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Confederacy defeats Union and captures the fort.

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Bull Run

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Still believing that the war was a trifling matter that would be over quickly, a number of government officials and spectators from both sides came to “observe” the battle, some even packing picnic lunches. By the end of the day, Union forces had lost and were forced to retreat. The loss shocked Northerners out of their complacency and prompted them to prepare more seriously for the struggle ahead. Meanwhile, many Southerners interpreted the victory as an indicator of an early end to the war and as decisive proof that most Northerners didn’t have the will to fight.

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Shiloh

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Ulysses S. Grant wins this battle in Tennessee and demonstrates the will of the north and Lincoln’s commitment to winning the war, shocking many in the south.

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Antietam

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more than 23,000 casualties—the bloodiest single day of battle of the entire war, Robert E. Lee v. George McClellan, Lee forced to retreat to Confederate territory; McClellan refused to pursue Lee, being overly cautious

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George McClellan

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General for the north during the first part of the war, defeated Lee at Antietam, refused to pursue, was fired/replaced by the president, Grant assigned the position

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Naval Blockade and southern trade

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South relied on cotton trade with Britain, Confederate ship Alabama (British built) sunk more than sixty ships before being sunk; The south developed the ironclad Merrimack, north built the monitor in response (mainly for river battles)

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Gettysburg

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50000 died in this three-day battle, Lee forced to retreat again, devastating defeat for the south/Confederacy

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Vicksburg

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Grant besieged this city and achieved unconditional surrender from the confederate troops, giving the union complete control of the Mississippi river.

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Lincoln’s Gettysburg address

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In the speech, Lincoln argued that the Civil War was a test not only for the Union but for the entire world, for it would determine whether a nation conceived in democracy could “long endure.”

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Grant’s western campaign

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A two-part coordinated campaign to secure the Mississippi for the union, namely with battles at Vicksburg and Fort Hudson

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Sherman’s March to the sea

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Total war, scorched earth, razing crops, buildings, and civilian housing in an attempt to break the back of the confederacy, November - December 1864

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Jefferson Davis

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President of the Confederacy, former senator from Mississippi

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James Buchanan

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US president, supported Kansas being admitted as a slave state

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The Democrat divide

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Stephen Douglas did not support the Lecompton Constitution establishing Kansas as a free state, Democratic Party divided along sectional lines

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Bleeding Kansas

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the number of violent crises after the passing of the Kansas-Nebraska act

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Reconstruction

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Southern economy devastated by war, massive inflation, and policymakers needed to rebuild the southern economy; the period from the end of the civil war to 1877 that focused on addressing some conflicts that led to the sectional crisis and civil war; included three parts: restoring the union, transforming southern society, passing progressive legislation to help freed slaves.

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Lincoln’s 10% plan

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Southern states could be re-admitted once 10% of its population swore a loyalty oath to the union

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Andrew Johnson

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adopted Lincoln’s 10% plan after he was assassinated and pardoned many confederate officials.

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Radical reforms

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enfranchising blacks, establishing pro-union, republican governments in the south, the U.S. government did manage to distribute confiscated lands to former slaves and poor whites as well as help improve education and sanitation and foster industrial growth in rebuilt southern cities.

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Freedmen’s Bureau

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government-approved organization to advocate for and advance the rights of freed slaves.

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Thirteenth Amendment

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abolished slavery

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Civil rights act of 1866 and Fourteenth Amendment

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gave blacks citizenship

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Fifteenth Amendment

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gave black men the right to vote

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Civil rights act of 1875

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attempted to ban racial discrimination in public places

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Rutherford B. Hayes

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US president, ordered Northern troops to leave the south in 1877, led to many former slave owners and confederate officials rising back to power

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Black codes

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imposed voter qualifications, and allowed the sharecropping system to thrive, ensuring that the standard of living did not improve for freed slaves.

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Presidential Reconstruction

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Johnson favored states’ rights and pushed a laissez/faire agenda, vetoed renewal of Freedmen’s Bureau charter, Civil Rights Act of 1866 passed over his veto, Johnson returned confiscated property to southern owners, issued hundreds of pardons, ended in 1866 when radical republicans resounded defeated democrats in the elections.

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Southern Race riots

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whites responded to reconstruction with race riots, killing many black people, Johnson placed the blame for the riots on republicans, pro-war democrats, and blacks

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Radical reconstruction

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radical republicans gained control over both houses, enough to override Johnson’s veto and began to push for reforms;

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(First) Reconstruction act of 1867

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reduced southern states to districts governed by the military

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Second Reconstruction Act

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placed union troops in charge of voter registration

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Tenure of Office Act

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sought to limit Johnson’s ability to replace key republican allies in the cabinet

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Johnson’s impeachment

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impeachment proceedings based on violation of Tenure of Office act, though real reasons were to retaliate at Johnson for trying to do reconstruction without congress

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Abolitionism and Women’s Suffrage

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Advocates for women’s suffrage sought a moment during reconstruction to enfranchise women as well as blacks, though radical republicans disagreed, fearing repercussions for their party. Many white suffragette advocates and abolitionists came into conflict over the enfranchisement of blacks, but not women.

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Compromise of 1877

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purported informal agreement between parties to award Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency following the disputed 1876 election in return for his commitment to remove troops from the south and end reconstruction.

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Major political, social, and cultural developments from 1877 to 1920

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Continued Westward Expansion (key events)

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1862 Congress passes Homestead Act, 1864 Sand Creek Massacre, 1867 National Grange forms, 1869 First transcontinental railroad is completed, 1875 Sioux Wars occur in Dakota Territory, 1876 Battle of Little Bighorn, 1877 Nez Percé War, 1885 Farmers’ Alliance forms, 1887 Congress passes Dawes Severalty Act, 1890 U.S. Census Bureau declares frontier closed Battle of Wounded Knee, 1891 Populist Party forms, 1893 Turner publishes The Significance of the Frontier in American History

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Transcontinental Railroad

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Constructed in 1869, fueled the expansion of farming, herding, migration/colonization and agriculture westward, in combination with the Homestead Act, pushed massive migration into the west beyond Kansas.

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Conflict with natives

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further western colonization pushed colonists into conflict with natives, some previously moved westward under Jackson. Sand Creek Massacre, Sioux wars, Battle of Little Big Horn; Sitting Bull (Sioux), Chief Joseph (nez Pearce), Geronimo (apache); Wounded Knee Massacre, Ghost Dance Movement, growing native unity in opposition to further colonization

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Dawes Severalty Act in 1887

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outlawed tribal ownership of homesteads, forced tribal communities into individual homesteads, attempted to acclimatize natives to white culture, led to issues in native communities

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Grange, Greenbacks, and Populists

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Farmers faced economic challenges and organized themselves into the National Grange, advocating for their interests, bolstered/sparked growing populist movement

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Industrialization

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the transformation of an economy from agrarian to mechanized

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Monopoly capitalists

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Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt

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Union Pacific/ Central Pacific

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the two companies that built the Transcontinental Railroad

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Wabash Case

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1886 case where the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government had the exclusive right to regulate interstate commerce

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Monopoly industries

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Steel, Oil, Railroads

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Social Darwinism/Gospel of Wealth

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Attempted to apply selections principles to validate the centralized wealth of the period, “millionaires are the product of natural selection

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Important regulatory Acts

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Interstate Commerce Act 1869 / attempt to regulate and control railroads, Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890 / attempt to ban trusts,

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New Labor Movement

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1866 National Labor Union forms, 1869 Knights of Labor forms, 1877 Railroad workers strike nationwide, 1886 Haymarket Square bombing American Federation of Labor forms, 1892 Miners strike in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho Homestead Strike occurs, 1894 Pullman Strike occurs

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Technological advances in the Gilded Age

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railroads, telegraph & telephone, and internal combustion engine

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Industrial impact on farming

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Further industrialization expanded the creating of farm tools, steel plows and other farm tools sped up agricultural production, farmers bought tools and they were delivered via railroads, etc.

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Important labor leaders of Gilded Age

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Eugene V. Debs, Samuel Gompers

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Important Strikes of Gilded Age

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Homestead Strike, Pullman Strike

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Pinkertons

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a private police force funded by corporate magnates

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Forms of industrial organization

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Vertical (control whole production line from start to stop - Coca Cola); Horizontal (own/run industry at one particular level - production, distribution, etc. - UPS)

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Rise of labor

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growing out of reconstruction and in response to expanding industrialization and how it reshaped social structures of family, economy, and living arrangements (growing urbanization of labor)

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Immigration in the gilded age

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Mostly eastern and southern European immigrants looking for work, Also Japanese and Chinese (until excluded via the Chinese Exclusion Act), Many European groups were catholic, creating conflict and fueling nativist tendencies, migrated and formed ethnic conclaves to feel secure/protect each other from antiimmigrant fervor

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Internal Migration

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Black moved northwards in search of more favorable spaces and jobs, moved mostly to major cities (Chicago, New York, etc.)

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Urbanization

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Industrialization and mechanization of labor further pushed toward centralized production, turning small, piecemeal production into large mechanized industry, forcing women and children out of the home into factories, driving many into cities where factories were built, redistributing the division of labor in society and drastically changing the roles of individuals in the construction of the family unit, causing all parts to participate in the labor force in order to survive

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Assimilation

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the belief that migrants and immigrants should assimilate into the dominant culture; never really happens, cultures change as part of an interaction with the dominant culture, but important characteristics are still retained (ex. African-American/Slave culture in comparison to African cultures in Africa, Cultures preserved in ethnic conclaves, etc.)

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Urban Politics and social problems

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Cities did not have the infrastructure to adequately provide for new internal migrants/laborers and immigrants, problems with sewage, water, trash disposal, etc; politicians often were involved in corrupt schemes to provide them with money through public works projects; reforms were needed to address corruption and urban planning issues

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Contributions of immigrant groups

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provided cheap labor to new industry, particularly in textile production and eastern burgeoning industries, provided cheap labor to railroad construction (mostly Asian and some Mexican), influenced culture of various regions, especially in major cities with ethnic conclaves, introducing some new ideas, cultural artifacts, etc.

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Populism

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problems with farmer’s debt (borrowing to buy new tools) sparked organization among farmers to address their concerns, growing populist movement revolved mainly around farmer’s interests and formed their own parties with marginal success, debate over gold/silver standards, never really spread into the cities

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Progressive movement

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movement to forward progressive liberal issues, pushed regulation, looked to limit power of trusts and expand power of women, blacks, and labor.

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State and Local progressive reforms

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Voters in many cities and states succeeded in their fight for direct primary elections and the secret ballot to eliminate bribes and reduce the power of political machines. Many states passed laws granting voters the power of initiative, or the right to directly propose legislation themselves; the referendum, allowing Americans to vote directly for or against specific laws; and the power to recall corrupt elected officials. Progressive governors like Robert La Follette of Wisconsin, Hiram Johnson of California, and Charles Evans Hughes of New York worked tirelessly to punish grafters, break up uncompetitive monopolies, and regulate public utilities.

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T. Roosevelt’s Square Deal

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focused domestic efforts on regulating big business, helping organized labor, protecting consumers, and conserving the nation’s already-dwindling natural resources.

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T Roosevelt

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US president, Panama Canal, Big Stick foreign policy

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Elkins and Hepburn act

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further regulated railroad companies, punishing them for uncompetitive rebates and giving the ICC more power to regulate commerce

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Conservation

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Roosevelt’s drive to preserve the natural resources of the nation

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Woodrow Wilson

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28th President of the US, progressive liberal capitalist

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New Freedom Agenda

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Wilson’s progressive reform agenda aimed at reducing tariffs, expanding regulations, reforming the banking system

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16th amendment

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national income tax

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17th amendment

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direct election of senators

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Federal Reserve Act

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establish the Federal Reserve Bank

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Other Wilson era progressive legislation

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Congress passed a wide variety of other progressive legislation during Wilson’s first term. The La Follette Seaman’s Act of 1915, for example, protected sailors’ rights and wages on merchant ships, while the Federal Farm Loan Act and the Warehouse Act of 1916 gave farmers access to easy credit. That same year, Congress also passed the Workingmen’s Compensation Act to help support temporarily disabled federal employees and the Adamson Act to establish an eight-hour workday for all employees on interstate railroads. With the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Americans won the right to elect U.S. senators directly.

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Wilson’s approach to foreign policy

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moralistic, made Philippines a US territory, sought plan to give Panama Canal back to Panama

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Women’s Suffrage and movements-

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Stanton and Anthony created the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), which directed its efforts toward changing federal law and opposed the 15th Amendment because it excluded women. Lucy Stone, a onetime Massachusetts antislavery advocate and a prominent lobbyist for women’s rights, formed the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA).4 Leaders of the AWSA rejected the NWSA’s agenda as being racially divisive and organized with the aim to continue a national reform effort at the state level; Temperance; right to vote gained in 1920 after ratification of 19th amendment

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NAACP

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- Organization formed in 1909 to advance the interests of black and colored people, focused mostly on state and governments/legislations

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WEB DuBois

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- Preeminent black intellectual of the period, Niagara movement, opposed BT Washington’s Atlanta Compromise, The Souls of Black Folk, The color line, the veil, The Crisis, NAACP co-founding member, long life political activist

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Booker T. Washington

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- Black entrepreneur, encouraged blacks to work their way into equal rights with whites, submitted to white rule, focused on black ownership and enrichment

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Major developments in arts and literature of the gilded age

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As American literature moved toward realism during these years, most American painting was moving in the opposite direction. One critic, in fact, has argued that "much of the art of the time was a false facade behind which the harsh realities of life were hidden." (Rise of abstract art) / Though the Gilded Age saw some continuation of both romanticism and the genteel tradition, the more significant pattern was the gradual rise of realism, that is, a realistic--and sometimes quite critical--portrayal of life, replacing the romantic idealism characteristic of the pre-Civil War period, and producing works that significantly influenced the development of literature in the 20th century. (Muckrakers for instance)

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005

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US rise to power from 1898 to present

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US expansionism

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expanding economic control to protect US interests

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Spanish-American War (1898)

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USS Maine hypocrisy/conspiracy; US victory over crippled Spanish empire, US capture of Spanish holdings in pacific increases US control over naval traffic, bolsters new US imperialism and desire for economic dominance/regional control through politics;

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Panama Canal Construction

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France began work on the canal in 1881, but had to stop because of engineering problems and high mortality due to disease. The United States took over the project in 1904, and took a decade to complete the canal, which was officially opened on August 15, 1914. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the Panama Canal shortcut greatly reduced the amount of time taken for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, enabling them to avoid the lengthy, hazardous Cape Horn route around the southernmost tip of South America via the Drake Passage or Strait of Magellan. The shorter, faster, and safer route to the U.S. West Coast and to nations in and around the Pacific Ocean allowed those places to become more integrated with the world economy. The approximate time to traverse the canal is between 20 and 30 hours.

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Open Door Policy

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The policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis; thus, no international power would have total control of the country. The policy called upon foreign powers, within their spheres of influence, to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested interest, to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges.

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Causes of US involvement in WWI

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Sinking of ships by u-boats, passenger boats and merchant vessels, move from neutrality to involvement based in part on ship sinking, loss of influence by german-americans, German actions in Belgium, and Wilson’s desire to make the world safe for democracy

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Consequences of US involvement

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preparedness movement, food limitation, propaganda, teaching patriotism to kids, US forces turned the tide of the war in favor of the allies, war ended nov 11 1918

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Treaty of Versailles

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Wilson pushed for the 14 points of the LoN to be included in a peace treaty, several were excluded, and reparations forced on Germany, LoN largely a failure due to European and domestic rejection

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League of Nations

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pet project of Woodrow Wilson’s moralistic Foreign Policy, 14 points, largely met with rejection due to isolationist sentiments and a rejection of the Democrats by Republicans, limited success, US never joined

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Isolationism

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Many in US saw WWI as European problem

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Internationalist

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looking to secure safe space for democracy, advance US interests through diplomacy

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Causes of US involvement in WWII

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Cash and carry principle, Lend Lease act, US escort of British vessels led to shoot on sight response to German sinking of USS Greer, Pearl Harbor, economic interests;

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Key Events of US involvement in WWII

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Pearl Harbor, D-Day, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, German and Japanese Surrender, Iwo Jima, internment, social mobilization, Midway, Yalta and Potsdam, effect on society postwar

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Consequences of US involvement

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Ramped up military production at home, Massive economic growth in US, Marshall Plan, Cold War

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Totalitarianism

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government run by one ultimate authority

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Pearl Harbor

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Japanese surprise bombing of US pacific fleet, 1941

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Japanese Internment

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US response to Pearl Harbor was to place Japanese immigrants and residents (many of whom had been here for decades) into internment camps. Claimed to do out of a fear of spies, though no/little evidence exists, more to control Japanese residents as the US declared war against Japan.

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Battle of Midway

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most decisive battle of the Pacific war, new kind of naval warfare, carrier based fight, American forces won, destroying many Japanese planes and carriers

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D-day

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Allied Forces invade German-occupied France through the beach of Normandy

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Decision to use the atomic bomb

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Truman valued the lives of US soldiers over those of Japanese civilians, sought quick end to the war, worried that an invasion would be drawn out over a long period of time, made this decision

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Yalta (Feb 1945)

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one of two conferences to figure out how to organize the world after ww2, largely went in Stalin’s favor as Roosevelt sought Russian help in the pacific, Roosevelt criticized for giving away too much (Russian occupation of Manchuria and North Korea), divide Germany into four zones, trial for Nazi officials, Polish provisional government, help freed nations, setup committee to look into reparations

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Potsdam (July 1945)

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after the surrender of Germany, conference to figure out post-war world, to finalize principles of post-war peace, amidst rising conflict among superpowers via conflicting political agendas, Roosevelt died, Truman president, Truman aimed to find out what date Russia planned to enter the war (something he did not want Russia to do). Four zones of control, polish provisional gov’t, Nazi trials, and reparations figured out (Russia reparations from soviet zone and 10% of the industrial equipment from western zone, US/UK could impose reparations if they desired).

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Effect of WWII on US Society

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GI Bill, New baby boom, rapidly expanding economy, birth of cold war, red scare/McCarthyism, women in the workforces, technological advancement gained from Germans

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US Cold War Foreign Policy

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Containment (1945-1961); Korean War, Vietnam War, Overthrow of the Iranian Gov’t, Six Day War, Yom Kippur War, Afghanistan; NATO, Detente, Regan and Gorbachev, Glasnost and Perestroika, Three periods: Early Cold War (Containment), Nixon and Detente, Reagan and Gorbachev period (fall of Soviet Union). http://www.wwnorton.com/college/polisci/american-foreign-policy4/ch/05/review.aspx

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Impact of Cold War on domestic politics

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red scare/McCarthyism, role of Communist International in exposing the conditions of blacks in the US, internal strife and conflict over US role internationally, fear over nuclear holocaust, growth in political radicalism out of marginalized communities and against US south Asian wars

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Vietnam War

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US intervened to take over for former French colonial leadership to push back against communism, Viet mihn, Ho Chi Mihn, domino theory

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Korean War

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US took control under the 38th parallel (former Japanese rule) after WWII, north led by communist forces, failure to hold successful free elections led to further divisions b/w north and south, North Korea invaded the south after a series of skirmishes, north supported by SU and China, south by US/UN

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Cuban Missile Crisis

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SU placed missiles in Cuba after the US placed missiles in Turkey, US discovered the missiles, placed a blockade, increased tensions, naval standoff, eventual agreement on terms and withdrawal of soviet missiles, 13 day fear over nuclear war

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End of the Cold War

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Glasnost, Perestroika, fall of Berlin Wall, German re-unification, Reagan, neoliberal economics, neoconservative social policies, globalization and global capitalism, neocolonialism and US imperialism (Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Africa, etc.), wars/conflicts in former soviet states as they were split up by right-wing nationalist forces after collapse of SU, “terrorism” becomes the code term for opposition to US imperialism, rise in individual acts of political violence (bombings, etc.); Israel - Palestine conflict, FP becomes centered on interests of capital almost entirely without resistance due to collapse of left after fall of SU

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Major political, economic, social and cultural developments that have shaped the course of US history from 1920 to the present

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Jazz Age

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a music form that derived from the cultural traditions and histories of blacks living under slavery combined with the struggles and lived experiences of black living under “black codes” and Jim Crow laws, White performers were used as a vehicle for the popularization of jazz music in America. Jazz influenced the youth and women of the 1920s

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The Harlem Renaissance

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a period that spanned the 1920s represented by a marked increase in the production of developed black cultural forms, centered in Harlem, NY, producing several renowned black authors, musicians, and artists; Langston Hughes

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Motion Pictures

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New in the early 20th century, became popular avenue for military and government to disperse messages and for cultural forms once restricted to the stage to reach wider audiences.

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Sports

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became a popular form of entertainment and an arena of nationalism during the 20th century

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Economic Prosperity

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Post-war economic booms fostered immense growth, particularly after WWII, brought about period of this

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Technological Innovation and the spread of consumerism

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New appliances, tools, and many other household items become accessible to working classes, sales catalogues become popular methods of purchase of new items, new inventions and efficiency allow quicker production and larger amounts of consumption

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Resurgence of the Klu Klux Klan

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re-appeared in response to the advances of black and brown people during the 20th century, particularly after and during the civil rights era

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Immigration restriction

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a legal process through which the US government controls the flow of migrants into the US; Chinese exclusion, limits on immigration to US, Ellis Island, etc;

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Marcus Garvey and Black Separatism

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Some black leaders advocated a return to Africa in order to achieve a nation. Often forwarded ideas that were reactionary and problematic, accepting of white’s rule and relinquishing the historical connection blacks have to the wealth of the nation

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Prohibition

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forward by moralistic temperance leagues and organizations, largely a failure, led to massive amounts of corruption and trafficking, a reactionary response to problems caused by alcoholism and poverty

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Causes and consequences of the Great depression

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Market crash of 1929, bank failures, reduction in purchasing, Trade policy with Europe (high tariffs), massive drought; massive unemployment, homelessness, joblessness, loss of farms, rise of nativist sentiments (Mexican repatriation of the 1930s), re-defining the role of women (should stay at home) / refounding patriarchy, growing political unrest, expanding social movements and labor

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FDR and the “New Deal”

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sought to re-establish capitalism by fueling the consumerist base through jobs programs and other social service programs to support workers

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Social Security Act

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Established the SSA which provides a basic income for the elderly

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Works Progress Administration

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ran many projects to rebuild infrastructure, national parks, and other federal project, to supply people with jobs

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Securities and Exchange Commission

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overseas regulations on securities, stocks, and other activities and organizations, meant to regulate and provide stability in the financial sector

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Wagner Act or National Labor Relations Act

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guarantees basic rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining for better terms and conditions at work, and take collective action including strike if necessary. The act also created the National Labor Relations Board, which conducts elections that can require employers to engage in collective bargaining with labor unions (also known as trade unions). The Act does not apply to workers who are covered by the Railway Labor Act, agricultural employees, domestic employees, supervisors, federal, state or local government workers, independent contractors and some close relatives of individual employers

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Growth and decline of organized Labor

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expanded during periods of recession, monopoly capitalism, and under guidance of leftist radicals (Railroad strikes, coal strikes, sit-down auto strikes, etc.); declined when it collaborated with government and became passive to working class interests 1970s, 80s (PATCO)

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Economic growth (Post-war)

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massive economic expansion after wwII due to market capitalization and control follow the devastation of most other advanced capitalist nations, 6% world’s pop, 48% of goods sold on global market

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suburbanization

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growth of higher status workers (“middle class”) that left the city to purchase homes in new suburban areas, raise families, keeping up with the Joneses, Levvittowns (cookie cutter homes), redlining, white flight, racist bank rulings and directions

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McCarthyism / Liberal anti-communism / Red Scare

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increased attacks and public scrutiny of the personal affairs of the political left, outright trial of people on the basis of their political ideology, harassment of leftist activists by right-wing radicals in an attempt to get rid of dissent from the left

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Civil Rights movement

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had many leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr. but was also influenced by black power struggles and leaders, fought for the recognition of civil rights, the end to Jim Crow laws, the expansion of black enfranchisement, and addressed issues of racial inequality

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Rebirth of Political Liberalism

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Reborn under John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society”, focused on social reforms to recognize rights, but also recognized the right of business to conduct its affairs, attempt to address some of the concerns of movements at the time and reduce social upheaval

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Reagan Revolution

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the resurgence of socially conservative/economically liberal political ideologies in the 1980s; neoliberalism, globalization, capitalism; in response to leftist movements of prior decades; largely white in character; based in religious groups; opposed women’s health issues; attacked black and brown people, especially the poor; “War on Drugs” led to mass incarceration; seen as the genesis point of modern American politics

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Growth of Latin@ influence in US politics

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increased immigration from central/south American, the Caribbean, and Mexico began to shift demographics; played important role in providing labor to agricultural businesses; gained influence and power as new class of people of similar heritage gained wealth and power

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Major Developments in science, medicine, and mass culture since 1920s

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Internet; Social media; greater understanding of disease; Aids treatments; Germ Theory; Television; Radio; megametroplis cities; computer technologies; space age; cell phones; music industry; sales to minors (focus on younger people with more disposable $$$); cars and road travel; Satellite tracking; new scanning technologies; quantum physics / greater understanding of the cosmos (Higgs Boson); mechanization / robotics in the workplace, etc.

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007

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World History: The roots of human civilization, characteristics of early human societies

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Agricultural Revolution

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the development of irrigation technologies and techniques that led to a transition from nomadic hunter/gatherer societies to settled down societies with stronger formalized social structures and organization due to the greater accessibility of food; Also allowed for the domestication of animals for food, war, and livestock

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Paleolithic Agriculture / Societies

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Homosapiens evolved about two hundred thousand years ago (our genetic ancestor, homosapienssapiens) out of east Africa, humans spread throughout the temperate lands of the eastern hemisphere during this time; travelled to other distant lands between 60 and 50 thousand years ago; most food was provided through huntin and gathering until about 12 thousand years ago; This era, called the old stone age, was characterized by migrating human populations, limited social structure, no accumulation of private wealth/social distinction based on wealth due to omnipresent need to continue foraging / lack of ability to settle down and accumulate based on production

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Neolithic Agriculture / societies

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between 12 and 6 thousand years ago; humans began to experiment with the domestication of plants and animals; New stone age; women most likely began the systematic care of plants; men likely captured animals for domestication and food; agricultural economies appeared for the first time; earliest evidence dates to 9000BCE in Mesopotamian region, 9000 to 7000 BCE in southeastern margin of Sahara desert, between 8000 and 6000 BCE among peoples in sub-Saharan Africa, China between 6500 and 5500 BCE, and Southeast Asia 3000 BCE or earlier.

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origins of Class, Private Property, and Wealth

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Surplus of food allowed certain individuals to accumulate wealth, prestige, and power, developing the first set of distinct social formations.

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Mesopotamia

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The land between the rivers; Tigris and Euphrates; irrigation; Sumerians in 5000 BCE, Semitic peoples, nomadic herders; built the world’s first city states; markets drew merchants from all around the region; cities served as cultural centers; Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Nippur, Kish; 3200 to 2350 BCE; ziggurats, stepped pyramids that housed temples and alters to local deities; cities ruled by kings, by 2500BCE all Sumerian cities ruled by kings; Sumerian, Babylonian, Hittite, Assyrians, New Babylon (Nebuchadnezzar); included classes of rulers, free commoners, dependent clients, and slaves

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Hammurabi

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Babylonian ruler 1792 - 175 BCE devised a system of laws to, “promote the welfare of the people, to cause justice to prevail and destroy the wicked and evil…”

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Economic Specialization and Trade

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Craftsmen first arose, developed and experimented with new techniques; Metallurgical innovations, bronze, tin, Iron, better and stronger tools, weapons; The wheel; Ship building; all expanded trade, production, and markets

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Patriarchal Society

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Rulers of new societies often were selected due to military prowess, and such status soon became hereditary; Power displayed through huge projects and public displays; led to the development of this form of male-dominated society

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Temples

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were early forms of banks, stored wealth, related to gods and represented people and kings; underwrote trading ventures across lands; took in orphans, released food to ease famine, provided ransoms for people captured in battles;

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Written Cultural traditions / writing

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developed to keep track of tax collections and business transactions; 3100 BCE conventional signs; 2900 BCE developed symbols to represent sounds, syllables, and ideas; Cuneiform; made possible the emergence to distinct cultural traditions; Literacy led to rapid expansion of knowledge; astronomy, mathematics; Epic of Gilgamesh;

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Hebrews, Israelites, Jews

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influenced heavy by Mesopotamia; Hebrew law borrowed from Hammurabi; chose to transition from tribal structure to kings; king David, King Solomon; Jerusalem; Monotheistic beliefs via Moses and Yahweh; Ten commandments set forth basic set of social principles and guidelines that influence law to this day; experienced a series of conquests; religion allowed them to maintain a distinct identity

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Phoenicians / Canaanites

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influenced societies throughout the Mediterranean basin due to trade, excellent sailors/merchants; established commercial colonies; adapted Mesopotamian cultural traditions to their own needs; developed alphabetic writing;

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Indo-European peoples and migrations

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profoundly influenced historical development in both southwest Asia and the larger world; Sanskrit, Old Persian, Greek, Latin, all derived from their native language; many linguistic subgroups: Indo-Iranian, Greek, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic, and Celtic; originated in steppe region of modern day Ukraine and southern Russia; domestication of wild horses;

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Indo-European expansion and its effects

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Horses allowed for easy expansion; Hittites; adapted Mesopotamian traditions to their needs; Hittite developments: war chariot, refinement of Iron Metallurgy; spread from Tarim basing the east (China) to Spain;

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Early African Societies

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Egypt, Nubia, sub-Saharan African societies;

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Egypt

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developed around the Nile delta and down river to the first cataract; broad flood plains allowed massive agricultural expansion; started around 10 000 BCE; unified around 3100 BCE; Archaic Period (3100 - 2660 BCE), Old Kingdom (2660 - 2160 BCE); Pyramids, pharaohs, religious cults of gods;

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Nubia

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region south of Egypt, similar development, but influenced more by Sudanic peoples than Mesopotamian, adapted cultural traditions to meet their needs and historical traditions;

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African/Egyptian Organized religious traditions

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AMon and Re/Ra/Amon-Ra/Re; Mummification; Apedemak (lion god); religious cults;

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Bantu migrations

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inhabited a region embracing the eastern part of modern Nigeria and the southern part of modern Cameroon; settled mostly along the banks of rivers, from west Africa down to southern regions; Sudanic peoples recognized single impersonal god as source of good and evil; frequently borrowed cultural deas from others, adapting them to their own needs; migration, trade, communication, interaction;

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Early South and East Asian Societies

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Harrappan, Aryans, China

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Harrappan

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Dravidian peoples in the river valley of Indus; between 3000 and 1900 BCE; limited knowledge due to inaccessibility of remains; polytheistic, similarities to Hinduism

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Early Aryan India

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Classed with Dravidian/Harrapan peoples; cattle became the economic unit; oral transmission of works; Sanskrit; Vedas; tribal political organization, eventually lost as groups began to settle and rely more on agriculture;

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Caste system

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developed under Aryans, rested sharply on hereditary distinctions between individuals and groups according to occupations and roles in society; originally designed to distinguish b/w Aryan and Dravidian; four main Varnas (groups): Priests/Brahmins, warriors and aristocrats/ksatrias, cultivators, artisans, and merchants/vaishyas, and landless peasants and serfs/shudras. Jati and sub-castes based on hereditary occupation.

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Vedic Age and Aryan Religion

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fusion of Aryan traditions with Dravidian beliefs, foundation for Hinduism; meditation, transmigration and reincarnation; Upanishads; Brahman, the universal soul; Samsara, Karma; personal integrity, vegetarian diet; moksha; religious doctrine explained why people were born into particular castes, encouraged individuals to fulfill their roles as members of those castes, tried to deal with meaningful spiritual and intellectual problems

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Early China (Xia, Shang, Zhou)

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based around the Yellow and Yangzi rivers; Three major dynasties (Xia, Shang, Zhou); soil building in Yellow river leads to flooding, develops rich flood plains; Xia (2200 BCE): large scale public works, helped recognize authorities; Shang (1766 BCE) took over from Xia, left written records, technological development, bronze metallurgy, monopolized production of bronze, vast network of walled towns; Zhou Dynasty (1122 BCE to 256 BCE) tough people who battled Shang, arose contemporaneously as Shang, eventually took over rule of the region from Shang, articulated a set of principles that influenced Chinese thinking about government and political legitimacy, heavenly powers granted the right to rule / “mandate of heaven”, decentralized administration, Iron production, declined due to nomadic invaders, led to Qin dynasty later on.

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Society and Family in Early China

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royals and nobles had most honored positions; ruling elites conspicuously consumed bronze; peasants lived in subterranean houses; slaves, mostly captured warriors from battle; Family and Patriarchy: Veneration of Ancestors, family patriarch was head of relations to ancestors, men wielded public authority, lost matrilineal character;

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Chinese writing and cultural development

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did not recognize a supreme deity; did not have large class of priests; Family patriarchs; writing served as basis for secular cultural tradition; Oracle bones; Chinese characters; Confucius; Book of Changes, History, Etiquette, Songs; Qin destruction of Zhou works;

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Ancient China and the larger world

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geographic limitations restricted trade, communication and movement between china and other regions; relations to Steppe nomads; Shang and Zhou centralization allowed for massive irrigation projects along the Yangzi; produced refined goods before any others, influenced others for centuries

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Early societies in the Americas and Oceania

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Olmec, Maya, Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chavin Cult, Mochica, Australian and New Guinean peoples, peopling of the Pacific, Lapita

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Olmec

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first major society in Mesoamerica; influenced all others, particularly Mayan and Aztec; Developed agriculture independently; no animals to herd or put to work, did not develop wheel, cities did arise, however, they were largely residences for rulers and priests only, towns spread out over regions, largely based on farming agriculture; Ceremonial centers; “rubber people”; authoritarian; trade in jade and obsidian; taxed harvests and labor consigned to massive projects;

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Maya

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originally appeared in Guatemalan highlands in third century BCE; built terraces designed to trap silt and foster agricultural expansion in Mesoamerican lowlands; Cacao was a precious commodity; Ceremonial centers: Tikal; warfare not to kill, but to capture; Chichen Itza sought to integrate captives into their society while others held them for sacrifice and slavery;

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Mayan Society and Religion

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large priest class who maintained calendar, transmitted knowledge through writing (astronomy, mathematics); hereditary nobility owned most land; merchants were from ruling classes; pottery, tools, cotton textiles, sophisticated calendar and elaborate writing system; predict astronomical events; invented zero; Popol Vuh; bloodletting;

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Teotihuacan

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Valley of Mexico; large city state; authority derived less from military, more from ability to produce fine manufactured goods; built on Olmec traditions; ball game; adapted Olmec graphic system of writing;

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Early Andean society and the Chavin cult

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developed largely independently; limited travel due to geographical restrictions and lack of trainable animals / wheel; coastal regions developed first due to cultivation; cities began to appear shortly after the disappearance of the cult; large independent city-states; States emerged when conquerors unified the valleys; did not make use of writing, beliefs, values and ways of life largely hidden; relied heavily on arms to impose order;

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Early Andean States (Mochica)

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dominated the hills and costs of modern Peru from about 300 to 700 CE; artists recorded everyday life in their works, no written traditions; did not maintain control for long, greater differences between Andean cities and cultures than in other regions

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Early societies of Oceania

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seafaring, mobile peoples, radically different paths; agriculture introduced through Asia; Austronesian languages; mariners; travelled and expanded across the vast pacific, even thought to have reached South America at some point;

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Lapita

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a peoples spread through New Guinea and the Bismarck to Samoa and Tonga; operated through network, not centralized;

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Australia

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human migrants reached during ice ages; agriculture spread south over time, though remained mostly tribal and nomadic

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New Guinea

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seafarers, early migrants reached via land during ice age, spread out over vast Pacific islands

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Peopling of the pacific Islands

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over centuries traveling vast expanses of water on canoes and other small craft

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Slavery in the ancient world

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Mesopotamia: came from three major sources: prisoners of war, convicted criminals, heavily indebted individuals, some worked in fields, most were domestic servants, many masters granted freedom, often with financial bequest, after several years of service.

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Major Religions of Early Civilizations

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Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Judaism, Christianity

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Hinduism

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polytheistic; consists of many diverse traditions. It includes Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism among numerous other traditions, and a wide spectrum of laws and prescriptions of "daily morality" based on karma, dharma, and societal norms; a categorisation of distinct intellectual or philosophical points of view, rather than a rigid, common set of beliefs.

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Buddhism

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religion of salvation; adapted some traditions from historical culture; Buddha, enlightenment; is a nontheistic religion that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, who is commonly known as the Buddha, meaning "the awakened one". According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving by way of understanding and the seeing of dependent origination, with the ultimate goal of attainment of the sublime state of nirvana;

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Confucianism

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a set of social principles and religious beliefs based on the writings of Zhou-era school Confucius; largely centered around social order and behavior, non-theistic, etc; an ethical and philosophical system, on occasion described as a religion,[note 1] developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (孔夫子 Kǒng Fūzǐ, or K'ung-fu-tzu, lit. "Master Kong", 551–479 BCE). Confucianism originated as an "ethical-sociopolitical teaching" during the Spring and Autumn Period, but later developed metaphysical and cosmological elements in the Han Dynasty

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Judaism

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the religion, philosophy and way of life of the Jewish people; a monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Mishnah and the Talmud; considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God established with the Children of Israel; not evangelical;

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Christianity

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Religion based in the Hebrew Old testament that recognizes Jesus of Nazareth as the messiah and son of god, seeks conversion, forgiveness, sin, salvation, etc

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Monotheism

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Religious belief based on the existence of one god, one dominant spiritual entity, rather than many entities or spirits representing gods that represent various ideas and forms; often associated with religions of salvation

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Ten commandments

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laid down a basic social order that continues to influence societies to this day; based in Hebrew/Jewish society, set out principles to govern Hewbrew settlement in the fertile crescent

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Ethic of individual and social responsibility

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Cultural tradition of jewish peoples that continue to this day, heavily influenced Christian and Islamic doctrines in various ways; interacted with and was adapted in similar ways by other cultures and societies, stated that the individual had a moral and ethical responsibility to contribute in positive ways to society and fight against oppression

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Ancient Greek institutions

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Mycean and Minoan society; The polis/city-state; democratic republicanism

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Ancient Greek culture

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varied between states: Sparta - military and militarism, Athens - intellectualism, mercantilism, democracy etc;

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Legacies of Ancient Greece

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democracy, colonization spread influence, Persian wars, Peloponessian war, philosophy, tragic drama;

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Alexander the Great

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grew out of Macedon, twenty year old sn of Phillip of Macedon who had conquered all of Greece; spread out an empire stretching from Greece to Persia; died at a feast at the age of 33, never really establishing a social order to his empire

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Roman Institutions

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Democracy, the senate, the ceasar, constitution, social classes, patricians and plebians

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Roman Culture

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influenced heavily be Greeks; religions of salvation; religious cults; Mithraism, cult of Isis, Judaism and early Christianity; built on Greek culture; specialized in agricultural and industrial production

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Roman Society

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military expansionism and empire throughout the mediterranian; Roman Law; trade; mass baths, elaborate water and sewage systems; pater familias; slavery; latifundia; innocent until proven guilty, right to challenge accusers; Aqueduct, sewage, and public baths, plumbing;

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Legacies of the Roman Empire

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democracy, empire, roman Catholicism, rational philosophy,

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Silk Roads

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Networks of trade routes that connected Mesopotamia and points west with east asia, india, and china; facilitated the transmission of culture, goods, practices, goods, disease, empires, and religions.

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Persia

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Achmenid, Selucid, Parthinian, Sasanid; imperial bureaucrats, slaves, impotant family and clan relationships, free classes, agricultural economic foundation; religious foundations in Zarathrustra, religious adaptations to adjust to changes due to cosmopolitan life, Zoroastrianism;

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Unification of China

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Confucius; Daoism: devoted energies to reflection and introspection; Legalism: law is law and ultimate, brutal punishments; Qin dynasty: unified china through war, capturing state by state, centralized imperial rule, reduced power of local forces, centralized power in bureaucracy, pointed China in direction of cultural and political unity; The Early Han Dynasty: re-established order following end of Qin dynasty, Confucian educational system, imperial expansion, Legalism;

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008

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Major political economic social and cultural developments that shaped world history during the growth of agricultural and commercial civilizations (500 to 1500)

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Byzantine Empire

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stole silk technology from Chinese; eastern half of the roman empire; dominated eastern Mediterranean region; Far reach from Greece to Egypt to Syria; emperor Constantine; governed by Constantinople between 5th and 15th centuries; eventually fell to ottoman Turks;

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Byzantine Institutions

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Distinct tradition of statecraft; tightly centralized rule, concentrated power in the hands of the emperor; Caesaropapism, emperor served not just as supreme lord, but also in ecclesiastical affairs; Byzantine court, mechanical devices to impress visitors, mechanical lions, throne moved up and down; Hagia Sophia; Justinian’s code; theme system; banks, merchants often pooled resources/risks;

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Byzantine religions

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Orthodox Christianity; ancient Greek works had greater influence; Council of Nicea, formed the modern bible; church treated similar to a department of state; reflected the influence of Greek philosophy; build its own traditions on a solid classical foundation; Monasticism, Piety; differences with Rome, religious and theological; influenced history of Slavic peoples;

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Byzantine culture

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Hagia Sophia; strong economy allowed them to dominate eastern Mediterranean; strongest when free peasants owned small plots of land; silk industry; currency, the bezat, recognized as the standard throughout the Mediterranean basin from 6th through 12th century; western anchor of silk road trade network; banks, merchants often pooled resources/risks; men and women lived in separate housing; Hippodrome; Greek language official language; education considered important, concentrated on the humanities, preserved ancient Greek texts;

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Origins of Islam

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Prophet Muhammad, born into merchant family, lost both parents as a child, had a difficult early life, married into high status, merchant family; reflected the nomadic and mercantile Arabian society from which it arose; Muhammad’s migration to Medina, Mecca and conflict with elites; Five Pillars; 630, forces attacked Mecca and sacked the city;

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Expansion of Islam

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built on the back of military expansionism and conversion of surrounding regions following the death of the prophet Muhammad; rule of the caliph who took the place of Muhammad as a placeholder, not replacement, led expansion through military force and conquering; Shia sect; Umayyad Dynasty; centralized rule in favor of Islamic and Arab military aristocracy; tax on non-converts; Abbasid Dynasty; fast and vast expansion from India to the west/north Africa;

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Economy and society of Early Islamic world

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spread of food and agricultural products: sugarcane, rice, sorghum and wheat, spinach, artichokes, oranges, bananas, coconuts, mangoes, cotton, indigo, henna; New crops led to more varied diets, and increased amount of available food; agricultural experimentation, testing new methods; Urban growth and mercantilism; Paper; Maritime trade, banks, camels and caravans, letters of credit, vast trade networks from Scandinavia to china and east/south Africa;

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Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

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women in Islam: veiling a product of interaction with extreme patriarchy of Persian society; Islam modified well to local customs as well from India to Africa; Sufi Islam; Persians provided some organizational techniques, Indians melded Islam with their traditions and introduced numerals and medicine, Greeks introduced and influenced medical, scientific, and philosophical writings, Islamic world was center of knowledge until the 13th century when they turned inward and rejected science; built a society for people of various different faiths and traditions;

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Origins of international Slave Trade

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were an important form of personal wealth in Africa; the rise in the trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade networks increased the prevalence of this trade; slave raiding became prominent; trade between Islamic regions and Indian regions were the first realms that this expanded into;

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Feudalism

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a system of social and political organization consisting of serfs, landlords, nobles, and at times, regional monarchs/royalties; a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor

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Origins of Feudalism

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emerged as a result of the decentralization of an empire: especially in the Japanese and Carolingian (European) empires which both lacked the bureaucratic infrastructure necessary to support cavalry without the ability to allocate land to these mounted troops. Mounted soldiers began to secure a system of hereditary rule over their allocated land and their power over the territory came to encompass the social, political, judicial, and economic spheres. These acquired powers significantly diminished unitary power in these empires. Only when the infrastructure existed to maintain unitary power—as with the European monarchies—did Feudalism begin to yield to this new power structure and eventually disappear.

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Social Estates

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Three Estates: Church (first), Nobility (second), Peasantry (Third)

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Feudal contracts

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in which the vassal promised to fight for the lord at his command, whilst the lord agreed to protect the vassal from external forces.

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Middle-Age Catholicism

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Conversion via royal support, the Franks, the popes, and monasteries; Charlemagne’s support in return for Papal support; monasteries organized much of the labor that brought about the expansion of the agricultural production in early medieval Europe

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The Crusades

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Series of wars to re-take land from Muslim states, largely a failure;

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Causes of the Crusades

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Papal desire to retake former roman lands; build support for Christianity throughout Europe, attempt to re-establish Roman Catholicism as the religion throughout Mediterranean basin;

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Consequences of the Crusades

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interactions between European scholars and Muslim scholars; trade between European merchants and Muslim merchants; large-scale exchange of ideas, technologies, and goods that profoundly influenced European development; Europeans exposed to Aristotle, Islamic science and astronomy, "Arabic" numerals, and paper production; also exposed to new agricultural products and foods;

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European Gov’t during High Middle Ages

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Regional Kingdoms, powered solidified through Feudalism, often supported by church; Bubonic Plague disrupted economies and societies throughout Europe, destabilized; state building through industrial production; state building began in Italy, spread elsewhere; competition between states intensified as they tightened authority; frequent small-scale wars;

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Magna Carta

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the first document imposed upon a King of England by a group of his subjects, the feudal barons, in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their rights.

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Conflict between Church and State

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regular conflicts between the Catholic Church and Monarchical states; "holy roman empire, church opposed appointment of bishops by secular states

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Renaissance

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a period of artistic and intellectual creativity from the fourteenth to 16th century in western Europe; thinkers looked to classical texts to update moral thought for modern urbanized living; Art and architecture; humanists; conflict with monasticism as classical works advocate morally virtuous life while also participating in society; Universities sponsored by the Church;

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India from Post-classical to 1500

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several kingdom states rose and fell; rival Islamic and Hindu kingdoms; Harsha, Sultanate of Delhi, Chola, Vijayanagar, temples and society; cross cultural trade via maritime mercantilism; expansion of the caste system; Funan, Srivijaya; Angkor Wat;

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China from Post-classical to 1500

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Ming Dynasty; eunuchs; cultural revival; Confucianism; Zheng He's expeditions into the Indian Ocean, mammoth ships; Mongols, Chingic Khan, and Eurasian Empire;

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Japan from Post-classical to 1500

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Never invaded by China, but early settlers of the island carried Chinese culture and trade continued to influence the development of this society; several dozen states ruled small regions by the first millennium; developed a centralized imperial state following Tang Dynasty ideas (China), Nara Period; Heian Period: 794 CE to 1185 CE, recognized emperor as supreme authority, emperors served more as ceremonial leaders, Fujiwara family controlled affairs from behind the throne, featured a split between publicly recognized authority and separate agent of effective rule, arts and literature reflected Chinese styles with their own twist, adapted Chinese script characters, use of equal field system began to decline and noble families began to accumulate; Taira and Minamoto; Minamoto rule in name of emperor, install shogun; Medieval period: between Chinese influence and court dominance, Kamakura and Muromachi; Kamakura: 1185 to 1333 CE, Muromachi 1336 to 1573 CE; valued military talent and discipline; emergence of samurai, devoted themselves to hunting, riding, fishing, and martial arts;

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Ghana

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grew rich from the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt. This trade produced an increasing surplus, allowing for larger urban centers. It also encouraged territorial expansion to gain control over the lucrative trade routes. The first written mention of the kingdom comes from Arabic language sources some time after the conquest of North Africa by Muslims, when geographers began compiling comprehensive accounts of the world known to Islam around 800.

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Mali

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was a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 to c. 1600. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became known for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I; many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River. It extended over a large area and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces; to weaken in the 15th century, but it remained dominant for much of the 15th. It survived into the 16th century, but by then had lost much of its former strength and importance.

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Songhai

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made Gao their capital and began an imperial expansion of their own throughout the western Sahel. And by 1420, Songhai was strong enough to exact tribute from Masina; co-existed during much of the later 14th and throughout the 15th century with the Mali Empire. In the later 15th century, gained control of Timbuktu. They were also technologically advanced.

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City-states of East Africa

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Swahili states, Bantu languages; attracted interest from Islamic merchants in the 10th century; Mogadishu, Lamu, Malindi, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mozambique, and Sofala; each developed a powerful regional city-state; large coral buildings, stone by 12th and 15th centuries; Kilwa: one of the busiest, uncovered a lot of Chinese porcelain, demonstrating regional maritime trade; Zimbabwe: Great Zimbabwe; trade brought drastic changes, including Islam, though Islam was adopted to local customs, gender roles;

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Mayans

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Central American society growing out of Guatemalan highlands, expanding into lowlands through irrigation; built large temples, ceremonial centers; pre dated Aztecs;

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Aztec

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early society based in modern day Mexico; certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to 16th centuries; bloodletting; games; ceremonial centers; Montezuma; Cortes;

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Inca

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was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.[3] The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru; arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century, and the last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572; Quecha; Inti, sun god;

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0009

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Major political, economic, social and cultural developments that shaped the course of world history during the Global Age (1450 to 1750)

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Renaissance

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A cultural flowering that coincided with demographic recovery and state building efforts following the high middle ages; period of artistic and intellectual creativity from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century in western Europe; Began in Italy in the late middle ages;

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Leonardo DaVinci

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1452 to 1519; Linear perspective; Sistine Chapel; Vitruvian Man

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Donatello and Michelangelo Buonarotti

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sought to depict natural poses that reflected the actual workings of human muscles rather than awkward and rigid postures of earlier sculptures, artists, sculptors in italy

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Filippo Brunelleschi

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1377 to 1446; reinvented equipment and designs for a large dome;

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Machiavelli

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an Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. He was for many years an official in the Florentine Republic, with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs. He was a founder of modern political science, and more specifically political ethics; wrote The Prince; to retain power, the hereditary prince must carefully maintain the sociopolitical institutions to which the people are accustomed, whereas a new prince has the more difficult task in ruling: He must first stabilize his newfound power in order to build an enduring political structure. He asserted that social benefits of stability and security could be achieved in the face of moral corruption. Aside from that, he believed that public and private morality had to be understood as two different things in order to rule well. As a result, a ruler must be concerned not only with reputation, but also must be positively willing to act immorally at the right times. As a political theorist, Machiavelli emphasized the occasional need for the methodical exercise of brute force or deceit.

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Humanism

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looked to classical rather than medieval literary models as they sought to update and adapt medieval moral thought to the modern urban society;

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Erasmus

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1466 to 1536; published the first edition of the Greek new testament along with a revised Latin translation and copious annotations; a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian. was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style. Amongst humanists, he enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists"; he has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists". [2] Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament. These raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. He also wrote On Free Will, [3] The Praise of Folly, Handbook of a Christian Knight, On Civility in Children, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style, Julius Exclusus, and many other works.

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Thomas More

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was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, and statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was an important councilor to Henry VIII and Lord Chancellor from October 1529 to 16 May 1532. [3] opposed the Protestant Reformation, in particular the theology of Martin Luther and William Tyndale, whose books he burned and whose followers he persecuted. also wrote Utopia, published in 1516, about the political system of an ideal and imaginary island nation. lately opposed the King's separation from the Catholic Church and refused to accept him as Supreme Head of the Church of England because it disparaged papal authority and Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Tried for treason, he was convicted on perjured testimony and beheaded; Utopia was his most important work;

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Nicolas Copernicus

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A renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a heliocentric view of the universe. His teaching that the earth revolved around the sun placed him in opposition to the established teachings of the church. He was also an astronomer, physician, economist, diplomat, classics scholar and jurist.

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Johannes Kepler

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German scientist who played a key role in the 17th Century scientific revolution. He created the laws of planetary motion, which influenced Sir Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation.

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Galileo

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Creating one of the first modern telescopes, he revolutionized our understanding of the world supporting the work of Copernicus. His work Two New Sciences laid ground work for the science of Kinetics and strength of materials.

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Martin Luther

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Leader of the Protestant reformation. wrote 95 thesis attacking the church, such as criticizing the belief sin could be mitigated by paying money to the church. was ex-communicated from the Catholic Church and was a key figure in the new Protestant religion; October 1517 offered to debate anyone on his 95 theses, did not nail them to a church door in Wittenberg;

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William Shakespeare

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English poet and playwright. Famous works include Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Merchant of Venice and Hamlet.

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Reformation

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between 1500 and 1800, Europe went through this transformation of religious institution; based on rejection of catholic indulgences; helped develop strong central states as monarchs took advantage of religious quarrels to tighten social controls, development of absolute monarchs; one of many movements of this period that profoundly transformed society; led to protestant Christianity, Luther, Calvin, etc.

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John Calvin

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an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation; Institutes of Christian Religion; the sum of human wisdom consists of two parts: the knowledge of God and of ourselves. Calvin argues that the knowledge of God is not inherent in humanity nor can it be discovered by observing this world. The only way to obtain it is to study scripture; Predestination, the elect, strict code of morality and discipline;

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The English Reformation

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King Henry VIII (r. 1509 to 1547) came into conflict with the pope as Henry wanted to divorce his wife who had not borne a male heir; Henry severed ties with the Catholic church and established himself as the head of the new Anglican church; theology changes little, but practice and doctrine became protestant;

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Counter Reformation / Catholic Reformation

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wide ranging reforms undertaken by the Catholic Church in response to the protestant movement/concerns; Council of Trent, the Society of Jesus; Trent: defined roman theology in detail, and demanded that church authorities observe strict standards of morality; Society of Jesus: sought to expand the boundaries of the church, St. Ignatius Loyola, Jesuits, rigorous education, discipline and determination;

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Age of Exploration

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a series of remarkable voyages launched between 1400 and 1800 CE that allowed mariners, financed by crowns and private investors, to navigate the globe for new trade routes and land discoveries;

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Motives for exploration

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to search for basic resources and lands suitable for cash crops, new trade routes to Asian markets, aspirations to expand the influences of Christianity

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“New World”

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European discovery of the Western Hemisphere, navigated by Christopher Columbus; discovered this land, thought it was close to India/China;

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Christopher Columbus

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Made landfall in the Bahamas on October 12 1492; discovered the western hemisphere for modern Europeans; called the native Tainos “Indians”; reported to Spain that he had reached island just off the coast of India;

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Vasco de Gama

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First to navigate successfully from Portugal/Europe to India around African coast, led to the development of mercantile colonies/settlements solely for trade purposes, established Portugal as an early leader in maritime mercantilism, helped support Portuguese presence in Africa.

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Bartolomeu Dias

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Unsuccessfully attempted to navigate around the Cape of Good Hope to reach India.

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Ferdinand Magellan

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First navigator to circumnavigate the globe from 1519 to 1522, died on the Philippine Islands, Scurvy;

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Captain James Cook

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British explorer and navigator, traveled the globe on three expeditions mapping extensive parts of the pacific for the first time; discovered Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Hawai’i; expeditions led to the development of a reasonably accurate map of the world made by European geographers;

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Consequences of the Age of exploration

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trading post empires, European conquest in south Asia, commercial rivalries and conflicts, the Columbian exchange; transoceanic trade networks; pushed world towards interdependence and global integration. consequences of this age

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International Slave Trade

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Manila Galleons: transported trade goods to and from Manila to Spain through Mexico and Spanish holdings in America; Search for labor: Portuguese colonists tried to enlist indigenous populations for labor, but indigenous were not sedentary cultivators and resisted, they were also victims of epidemic diseases, which caused Portuguese to look elsewhere, namely Africa for free labor/slaves. Sugar plantations, about profit, not slaves lives, hard work, 5 to 10% die off annually required constant flow of slaves, every ton of sugar cost one human life; Began in 1530, but took off in the 1580s.

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Absolute Monarchs / Monarchy

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Kings that claimed authority from God, ordained by God, some coroneted by the church; divine right of kings; French state under Cardinal Richelieu: worked hard to undermine nobility and centralize power in the royal seat; King Louis the XIV: “l’etat es moi”, le roi soleil, provided nobility with luxurious accommodations in exchange for absolute rule; Peter the Great, Catherine the Great: Russian absolutism;

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Constitutional Government

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representative institutions; England and Dutch; England: Constitutional Monarchy followed civil war in 1640s; Netherlands: representative republic emerged after long struggle for independence in late 16th century; strengthened the state and established a basis that helped merchants flourish

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Louis XIV

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absolute ruler in France from 1643 to 1715; “l’etat es moi”, le roi soleil, provided nobility with luxurious accommodations in exchange for absolute rule

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Peter the Great

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reigned 1682 to 1725; Romanov Dynasty; inaugurated state transformation in Russia; led Russian observers on a tour of Germany, the Netherlands, and England to bring back ideas and knowledge to build the Russian state; reformed army; ordered aristocrats to study math and geometry for military reasons; began construction of Russian Navy; overhauled gov’t to improve tax collection and efficiency; order subjects to wear European fashions, generally westernized the region and consolidated power through structure and organization

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English civil wars of the 1640s

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disputes arose over the King’s right to institute new taxes without parliamentary approval; religious tensions between Anglicans and reform-minded Calvinists; Charles I and Parliament both raised armies, parliament captured Charles I in 1649, executed him; gov’t passed through period of Puritan dictatorial regime, restoration of the monarchy in 1660, until the 1688 deposition of King James II and invitation to rule made Mary and William of Orange;

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Glorious revolution

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Revolution in England during 1688 where King James the II was deposed in favor of his daughter Mary and husband William of Orange; largely bloodless, the result of a son being born to King James, which secured a catholic future for England as the son replaced the presumptive heir, Mary; William of Orange led a sizeable fleet and army to England and with little more than a few skirmishes, took power, though conflict did lead to Willamette War in Ireland and Dundee Rising in Scotland;

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Ottoman Empire Growth

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unusually successful frontier state; named for Osman Bey, founder of the dynasty that continued unbroken from 1289 to 1923; first great success, capture of Bursa in 1326; 1352 established foothold in Europe when they captured Gallipoli in modern Turkish Thrace; formidable military machine; gunpowder weapons, capture of Constantinople in 1453; Mehmed the Conqueror (1451 to 1481) and expansion, Istanbul, laid foundations for tightly centralized rule, absolute monarchy, military faced no serious rival; Climaxed with the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent (1520 to 1566), conquered Baghdad, kept the Hapsburgs on the defensive throughout his reign, made into major naval power;

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Ottoman Empire Decline and stagnation

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due to a series of problem rulers; Selim the Sot (1566 to 1574); Ibrahim the Crazy (1640 to 1648) taxed and spent to such excess that government officials deposed and murdered him; weak rule provoked mutinies in the army, led to provincial revolts, corruption; religious differences helped fuel splits, Janissaries in revolt, Wahhabi movement in Africa, Islamic protest of science, forced demolition of astronomical observatory in 1580 and closure of Ottoman press in 1742;

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Spread of Islam to West Africa

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facilitated through trade, trade centers often hosted Islamic schools and universities; Timbuktu; syncretic brand of Islam that blended with local customs; the Fulani: from west African savannahs; observed a strict form of Islam; led a series of military campaigns to establish Islamic states in West Africa, did not stamp out indigenous cultures, but grew Islamic influence in the region;

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Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire

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unified by Temujin, brought all tribes into a single confederation, 1206 CE assembly declared his supremacy and gave him new name meaning “Universal Ruler”; broke up tribes and forced men of fighting age to join new military units with no tribal affiliations; chose leaders based on talents and loyalty; Karakorum; most important institution was the army, 100k to 125k; equestrian; psychology of warfare; massive conquests; death led to internal conflict and eventual collapse of empire, breaking off into four regional empires: Great Khans, China; Khanate of Chaghatai; Ilkhans in Persia; Golden Horde in Russia;

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Unification of Japan

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political unification; Tokugawa shoguns; 16th century civil war; Tokugawa bakufu; aim to prevent civil war; alternate attendance, required nobles to spend every other year at the Tokugawa court; closely controlled foreign relations; set stage for economic growth with increased agricultural production; brought about population growth which caused demographic as well as social change; decline of nobles due to debt to merchants/brokers; Neo-Confucianism; emergence of prosperous merchant class, business and profits in china and japan; floating worlds; increase in cultural production, focused on love of the erotic more than aesthetic; kabuki; native learning/Shintoism; bunraku; opposition to Christian influence; relied on Dutch merchants for news of outside world;

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Spanish empire in the Americas

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conquistadores; Cortes; Mexico, Caribbean, and central/south Americas; encomienda; smallpox; difficult transportation and communication; royal support and backing; originally in search of gold, but changed to focus on agriculture; Mestizo societies and social hierarchy; silver mining; Hacienda; plantation owners lent money to natives so the natives could buy tools for their farms and then made the natives pay off the debt with their labor, debt peonage; Virgin of Guadalupe; did not settle/colonize like the British, largely supplied excess wealth to crown;

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Major developments in Africa 1450 to 1750

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maritime trade altered the pattern of state development; eastern states fell under influence of Portuguese merchant mariners in Indian Ocean; Trade networks led to kingdoms in central and southern regions; Ghana, Mali, Songhay; songhay fell, trade networks building inland undermined empires based on controlling trans-saharan trade; Muslim rulers; Kongo, slave raiding; Ndongo/Angola; European arrival in South in 1652 began century long path to apartheid;

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Major developments in Asia 1450 to 1750

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trading post empires, joint stock trading companies EEIC, UEIC(VOC); conquest of island nations, Philippines (Spain), Java (Dutch); Russian capture and integration of Siberia, based around trading posts which developed into towns; commercial rivalries between European powers;

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Major developments in America 1450 to 1750

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Spanish empire, French, Dutch, Portuguese, and English settlement; Fur Trade in North; agriculture and mining in south; colonization by the British on east coast, established towns and cities as inverse groupings of people fled Europe for various reasons at various times; Colombian exchange, disease, genocide, collapse of native societies, European colonization

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Rise of Capitalism

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increased technologies of communication and transportation allowed greater accumulation of wealth from expanding markets; burgeoning merchant class began to reorganize social affairs to meet market needs; uneven and unsettling; population growth and urbanization; economics based on private ownership, investment, labor, markets, etc., no longer in the hands or regulated by nobles and monarchs; supply and demand; joint stock companies; imperialism and colonial rule were critical to its development; new ways to organize production; putting-out system; Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations; long and painful process that generated deep social strains throughout Europe;

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0010

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Major political, economic, social, and cultural developments that shaped world history during the Age of Revolutionary Change (1700 to 1914)

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Scientific Revolution

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17th and 18th century; European intellectuals sought to use scientific methods and reasoning to overhaul moral, social, and political thought; Ptolemaic universe vs. Copernican; Galileo and Kepler; discovery that universe was much larger than originally thought; reliance on observation and mathematics;

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Isaac Newton

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1642 to 1727; developed universal theory of gravitation; invented calculus; redefined human understanding of the world to that point and until the 20th century;

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Rene Descartes

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a French philosopher, mathematician and writer who spent most of his life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the father of modern philosophy, and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. In particular, his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy department. His influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system — allowing reference to a point in space as a set of numbers, and allowing algebraic equations to be expressed as geometric shapes in a two-dimensional coordinate system (and conversely, shapes to be described as equations) — was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, crucial to the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. He was also one of the key figures in the scientific revolution and has been described as an example of genius. He refused to accept the authority of previous philosophers and also refused to accept the obviousness of his own senses.

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Enlightenment

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influenced by the scientific revolution, philosophers and thinkers looked to apply these concepts to the social world; Locke, Smith, Descartes, Rousseau, Voltaire, etc.; sparked new wave of intellectual thought about the social world and analysis of the nature of things; Centered in France; deism: denied supernatural teachings of Christianity;

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John Locke

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sought the natural laws of politics; an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism". [2][3][4] Considered one of the first of the British empiricists; regarded as the founder of popular sovereignty, regarded government as a contract between rulers and ruled; rights frame; life, liberty, property; relocated sovereignty;

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Adam Smith

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sought the natural laws of economics; held that society would prosper when individuals pursued their own economic interests; Wealth of Nations;

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Voltaire

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Francois-Marie Arouet (1694 to 1778); championed individual freedom and attacked any institution sponsoring intolerant or oppressive politics; resented persecution of religious minorities and royal censorship

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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wrote the social contract; argued that members of society were collectively the sovereign; individual participation in the formation of laws; French-Swiss thinker;

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Origins of American Revolution

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French Indian/Seven Years’ War debt; British taxation of colonies; Sugar Act of 1764, Stamp Act of 1765, Townshend Act of 1767, Tea Act 1773, Quartering Act 1765; taxation without representation; belief in popular sovereignty over royal rule, desire to separate both wealth and livelihoods from crown;

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Consequences of American Revolution

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Organized a state based on Enlightenment principles; inspired similar action elsewhere; principles only applied to men of property, disenfranchised groups claimed and struggled for rights long term, did not address slavery;

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Origins of French Revolution

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More radical than the American counterpart; repudiated existing society, called it the ancien regime; sought to replace with new society, new structures for political, social, and cultural worlds; Louis XVI inherited immense debt from 17th and 18th centuries wars; Louis summons the estates generale at the behest of nobility (who would help pay debt); First (RC clergy), second (Nobles), and third (rest of population) estates; National Assembly; storming the Bastille, growing insurrections; The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen; reconfigured French society.

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Consequences of French Revolution

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Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette beheaded, revolutionary chaos led to the rise of Robespierre and the Jacobins; reign of terror; sought to end the influence of Christianity in France; executed about 40k people and imprisoned 300k others; the Directory; the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte;

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Napoleon

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ruled France as dictator, conquered throughout Europe, totalitarianism, failed when he invaded Russia, abdicated throne in 1814, exiled to Elba, escaped in 1815, returned to France, ruled another 100 days before being defeated at Waterloo; died of natural causes on St. Helena in 1821.

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Spread of democratic ideas

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inspired revolutionary movements in other areas: Haiti, Latin America, Mexican Independence, Simon Bolivar, Brazilian independence;

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Latin American wars for independence

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Mexican Independence, Simon Bolivar, Brazilian independence; Central American federation

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Causes and consequences of industrial revolution

Back 345

high agricultural productivity; population growth; high densities; encouraged occupational specialization outside of agriculture; developed transport technologies spread trade networks and helped develop complex banking and financial institutions; many societies faced with ecological constraints, Britain the first to transcend them with the use of coal, creation of first fossil fueled engines; steam engine allowed greater automation of tasks; mechanization of cotton textile production; drastic change in transportation technologies; greater centralization of production (around machines and engines); development of the factory: terrible working conditions, Luddites, alienation from labor and product; clocks, long work days, workers faced greater risk of death from labor; Mass production; interchangeable parts; assembly line; the corporation; monopolies; population growth, urbanization due to redistribution of labor needs; greater migration with need for labor and easier transportation; radical change in family structure

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Romanticism

Back 346

an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution,[1] it was also a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.[2] It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,[3] education[4] and the natural sciences.[5] Its effect on politics was considerable and complex; while for much of the peak was associated with liberalism and radicalism, its long-term effect on the growth of nationalism was probably more significant.

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Major developments in arts and literature gilded age

Back 347

the symphony, the novel, natural histories, Romanticism, Impressionism

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Impressionism

Back 348

a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists. Their independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s, in spite of harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France. The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satirical review published in the Parisian newspaper Le Charivari; characteristics include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles. The development of Impressionism in the visual arts was soon followed by analogous styles in other media;

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Chartism

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a working-class movement for political reform in Britain which existed from 1838 to 1850 (although there was a slow fade-out in the movement after 1848) and which took its name from the People's Charter of 1838. It was a national protest movement, with particular strongholds of support in the north of England, the east Midlands, the Potteries, the Black Country and south Wales. Support for the movement was at its highest in 1839, 1842 and 1848 when petitions signed by millions of working people were presented to the House of Commons. The strategy employed was to use the scale of support these petitions and the accompanying mass meetings demonstrated to put pressure on politicians to concede manhood suffrage

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Revolutions of 1848

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a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history, but within a year, reactionary forces had regained control, and the revolutions collapsed; the revolutionary wave began in France in February, and immediately spread to most of Europe and parts of Latin America. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no coordination or cooperation among the revolutionaries in different countries. Five factors were involved: widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership; demands for more participation in government and democracy; the demands of the working classes; the upsurge of nationalism; and finally, the regrouping of the reactionary forces based on the royalty, the aristocracy, the army, and the peasants. [4]; the uprisings were led by shaky ad hoc coalitions of reformers, the middle classes and workers, which did not hold together for long. Tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more forced into exile. The only significant lasting reforms were the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the definitive end of the Capetian monarchy in France. The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, and the Austrian Empire, but did not reach Russia, Sweden, Great Britain, and most of southern Europe (Spain, Serbia,[5] Greece, Montenegro, Portugal, the Ottoman Empire).[6]

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Expansion of suffrage

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voting right began to be expanded to various different groups and classes, largely white working class men, but also eventually closer to being passed for women and people of color; victories were fought for by all groups, often long protracted struggles;

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Socialism

Back 352

Marx and Engles; Communist Manifesto; Labor Theory of Value; social problems were conceivable result of capitalism; ruthless exploitation of workers by capitalists; Capital; History as a struggle between social classes, basis in/grew out of trade unions and labor struggles

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Emancipation of the Russian serfs

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1861, Tsar Alexander II; intention to create a mobile work force as part of rapid industrialization plans; driven by government rather than individual merchants / merchant class;

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European nationalism

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19th century, European peoples came to identify with communities they called nations; sought to deepen appreciation for historical experiences of particular group, foster pride; had strong potential to stir up conflict between groups, led to rise in anti-Semitism; Zionism;

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Cavour

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Italian prime minister to King Vittore Emanuele II of Piedmont and Sardinia; combined forces with nationalist advocates for independence; a cunning diplomat; allied with France to expel Austrians; worked with Guiseppe Garabaldi to unify Italy under Piedmont and Sardinia;

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Bismark

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King Wilhelm I of Prussia appointed him prime minister; reformed and expanded the Prussian army; intentionally provoked three wars between 1864 and 1870 with Denmark France and Austria; Prussia quickly and easily won, stirring up German fervor against enemies; Prussian King declared himself emperor of the second Reich; played critical role in German unification;

Front 357

The unification of Italy

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Italy separated by Treaty of Vienna after the fall of Napoleon; Cavour of Piedmont and Sardinia allied with Italian nationalists and France to expel Austrians from the north and Giuseppe Garabaldi who swept through the south. Formed one state under king of Piedmont and Sardinia; absorbed other territories throughout the next decade;

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The unification of Germany

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Vienna created a confederation of states, King Wilhelm I of Prussia appointed Otto Von Bismark his prime minister; Bismark reformed and expanded the Prussian army; Bismark intentionally provoked three wars between 1864 and 1870 with Denmark France and Austria; Prussia quickly and easily won, stirring up German fervor against enemies; Prussian King declared himself emperor of the second Reich;

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New Imperialism

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Cecil John Rhodes, “we are the finest race in the world”; rebuilding European power through imperial colonization on a basis of racial superiority; formal and informal varieties (direct rule over rule by trade/economics); gain raw materials, control over strategic sea lanes, sought to bring “civilization” to native peoples;

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Colonization of Africa

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Belgian Congo, British Egypt, Berlin West Africa Conference, split up Africa into colonial zones, South Africa;

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British Colonization in India

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crown took over from EEIC rule; transformed India, cleared forests, and encouraged agricultural expansion, especially of local goods, restructured land holdings

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Racial theories and justifications for European expansion

Back 362

Social Darwinism, white man’s burden;

Front 363

Chinese resistance to the West

Back 363

the west had carved out China into spheres of influence by 1898; Hundred Days Reforms of 1898; Emperor Guangxu, constitutional monarchy, civil liberties, education based on more western model, modern military, stimulate economic development; Cixi and the Boxer Rebellion, get rid of “foreign devils”, repeal reforms, imprison emperor, society of religious and harmonious fists, 1911 revolution;

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China in the Early Modern Period

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Ming Dynasty; Great wall; Grand canal; Qing dynasty, Manchus, Kangxi and Qianlong helped mute tensions between Chinese and Manchus, vast expansion of Chinese rule; “Son of Heaven”; scholar bureaucrats; civil service exams; filial piety, patriarchy, foot binding, marriage as contractual affair; economic growth through agriculture; population expansion; strict social classes, merchants at bottom; mean people: slaves, indentured servants, entertainers, prostitutes; cultural growth in cities: popular novels, ROTK; Christian Jesuits, conflict b/w Jesuits and Franciscans and Dominicans, pope made Jesuits give service to European standards, Kangxi ordered and end to preaching Christianity in China,

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Modernization of Japan

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US Navy in Tokyo Bay trained guns on Edo and demanded the shogun open Japan to business; Shogun acquiesced as no other alternative was present; sudden intrusion of foreigners created a domestic crisis; led to collapse of Tokugawa regime and restoration of imperial rule; Meiji Restoration, “rich country, strong army”; modern transportation, communications, and educational infrastructure; concentration of enormous economic power in the hands of a small group of people collectively known as the zaibatsu or financial cliques; Japanese families bore the brunt of rapid industrialization, many living poor and destitute starving, etc.

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0011

Back 366

Major political economic social and cultural developments that shaped the course of world history during the Era of the great wars

Front 367

Causes of WWI

Back 367

Serbian and Balkan nationalism; alliance networks of mutual protection; nationalist aspirations and desires to show national pride through warfare; The Naval race b/w Germany and Britain; Colonial disputes between world powers; Public opinion and pressure from nationalistic movements

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Course of WWI

Back 368

28 June 1914: Gavrilo Princip assassinates Archduke Francis Ferdinand; 23 July, Austrians issue ultimatum to Serbia; Serbia rejected one of the terms, Austria declares war; 29 July Russia mobilizes troops to defend Serbia, orders mobilization against Germany; Germany demands Russians stop mobilization 31 July; Germany demanded to know what France’s intentions were should Germany and Russia go to war; no response; Germany declares war on Russia 1 august; 3 august Germany declares war on France; 4 august Britain declared war after German leaders refused to respect Belgian neutrality; Many soldiers thought WWI would be over quick, millions died; trench warfare from British channel to Switzerland; propaganda, barbed wire, gas, machine guns; women in the workforce; Russia backs out in spring 1917, Bolshevik Revolution; US Joins the fray and tilts the table towards allied victory, November 1918 war was over;

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Consequences of WWI

Back 369

Europe’s diminished role in the world; undermined European power and promoted nationalist sentiments among colonized peoples; millions dead, millions more disabled, orphaned, or homeless; estimates: 15M killed, 20M wounded; afterwards millions succumbed to starvation, malnutrition, and disease; Treaty of Versailles, Paris Peace Conference;

Front 370

Treaty of Versailles

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Wilson’s 14 points / League of Nations; allies rejected many points; allies desired to distribute conquered land and former colonial territories amongst themselves; French and British agreed that central powers must pay for the cost of the war, reparations and other sanctions likely contributed to WWII

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VI Lenin

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Russian intellectual, Bolshevik, and political theorist that led the Bolshevik party during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Established the dictatorship of the proletariat;

Front 372

1917 Russian Revolution

Back 372

grew from street demonstrations and strikes in Petrograd, Tsar Nicholas abdicated the throne; power shifted to two authorities: provisional government and the Petrograd soviet or workers council; Soviets spread throughout Russia; provisional government failed to satisfy popular demands to end the war and for land reform; Lenin returns from exile; Lenin helped the Bolsheviks gain control of the Petrograd soviet; Lenin convinced the Bolsheviks to organize armed insurrection in September 1917; 25/25 October 1917, Bolshevik led insurrection deposes provisional government; Bolsheviks sign Brest-Litovsk treaty (Gave Germany control over one-third of Russian land and one quarter of its population);

Front 373

Communism, the COMINTERN, and the Bolsheviks/CP

Back 373

the success of the Russian Revolution helped to establish and spread this ideology and the authoritarian wing of the structure through the resources of the Russian state and the CP; would also spread to other regions, Cuba, China, North Korea, etc. challenged capitalism, became part of the ideological conflict of the later 20th century;

Front 374

Stalin’s Russia

Back 374

War communism; the NEP; the Five Year Plan; Collectivization of agriculture; The Great Purge; Kulaks;

Front 375

The Great Depression

Back 375

economic recovery in Europe tied to tangled and interdependent financial system; Germany and Austria relied on US loans to pay reparations, French and British relied on reparations payments to pay off US loans taken out for the war; worldwide surpluses of agricultural goods; production increased, prices collapsed, farmers became impoverished; reduced farm income contributed to high inventories in manufacturing, lulls in sales, cause industry to cut back in workforce, make layoffs; Black Thursday 24 October 1929; by 1932 industrial production halved, income dropped half and 44% of banks were out of business; had ripple effect throughout globe; Smoot-Hawley Tariff act, raised duties on goods, essentially led to run-away collapse of global markets; rise in radical left;

Front 376

FDR and the New Deal

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president who implemented a series of reform packages aimed at restoring the economy during the great depression; most important packages were WPA, FDIC, Social Security, etc.

Front 377

Fascism

Back 377

reaction to collapse of the economy and the spread of revolutionary socialism/communism; attractive to nationalists; primacy of the state; veneration of the state, devotion to a strong leader, ultra nationalism, ethnocentrism, and militarism; chauvinism, xenophobia; large expensive military establishments;

Front 378

Benito Mussolini

Back 378

founded first Fascist party in Italy in 1919; former socialist turned after WWI; Fasci Italiani di Combattimento (Italian Combat Veteran’s League); 1921 had 35 fascists elected to Italian parliament; used violence against socialists; 28 October 1922 fascists seized power; Il Duce, one party dictatorship; crushed unions prohibited strikes; signed Rome-Berlin axis with Hitler;

Front 379

Collapse of the Weimar Republic

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1923 Hitler and National Socialist German Workers’ Party attempt to overthrow the Weimar, failure, Hitler jailed; failure to re-establish German economy after WWI, weak state, eventually overtaken by organizing and keen political maneuvering and skill by Hitler and Nazis.

Front 380

Hitler and the rise of the Third Reich

Back 380

1923 attempted coup, jail; 1930 and 1932, Nazis became largest party in German Parliament, reactionary and feeble president Paul von Hindenburg offered him the Chancellorship; consolidation of power through state of emergency; suppressed German communist party and abrogated all const. and civil rights; made Nazis only legal party; highly centralized state, destroyed trade unions; racial and eugenics measure, outlawed abortions, cult of the German woman; racial health; compulsory sterilization for undesirables; Nuremburg Laws revoke Jewish citizenship and rights; Kristallnacht;

Front 381

Origins of WWII in Europe and Asia

Back 381

peace settlements of WWI; economic distress of worldwide depression; Japan Italy, and Germany engaged in territorial expansion; Blitzkrieg;

Front 382

Policy of Appeasement

Back 382

to avoid further war, many nations let Japan, Italy and Germany do whatever they wish; Neville Chamberlain; eventually ended in 1940s

Front 383

Course of WWII

Back 383

Period of imperialist expansion: Italy, Germany, Japan; Japan takes China, Rape of Nanjing, Italy goes south to Africa, Germany takes Austria, Czechoslovakia, blitzkrieg in Poland, France, battle of Britain, turns to the soviet union in 1941; Cash and Carry policy 1939; Lend lease program 1941; Japanese occupy French Indochina 1941; 7December 1941: Attack on Pearl Harbor; Germany and Italy declare war on US 11 December 1941, us responds to declare war on them: may not have if they didn’t declare war on the US first; Britain-Russia-US Pact; D-Day; Russian advance and Capture Berlin; Midway; Kamikaze; Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Soviets declare war on Japan 8 August; Japan Surrender 15 august; Yalta and Potsdam; Beginning of Cold War

Front 384

Leaders of WWII

Back 384

Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain, Churchill, FDR, Truman, Stalin, Emperor Hirohito

Front 385

Deciding factors in the outcome of WWII

Back 385

Germany, Italy, Japan over stretched resources, US industrial production capacity and financial advantage; Defense of Stalingrad, Russian Advance and Capture of Berlin, Italian collapse; internal resistance helped out;

Front 386

The Holocaust

Back 386

the systematic physical annihilation of Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah’s witness, communists, and other undesirables, Jews had limited movement capability due to legal restrictions and controls on Jews, Final Solution, Einsatzgruppen, murdering and cleansing regions of Jews, concentration camps, extermination through labor and starvation or gas; Belzec, Treblinka, Auschwitz, one million Jews dead in Auschwitz alone;

Front 387

Women and war

Back 387

growth of women in the workforce with men at war; men return, women pushed out of workforce, women pushed stronger for rights;

Front 388

German Reconstruction

Back 388

Marshall Plan; Divided into four regions of power: Britain, France, US and USSR; Berlin split in two; COMECON; East/West divide; NATO and Warsaw Pact; the UN;

Front 389

Japanese Reconstruction

Back 389

at the end of World War II was led by Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, with support from the British Commonwealth. Unlike the occupation of Germany, MacArthur offered the Soviet Union little to no influence over Japan. [1] It transformed the country into a democracy that recalled 1930s American "New Deal" politics. Discipline, moral legitimacy, well-defined and well-articulated objectives, a clear chain of command, tolerance and flexibility in policy formulation and implementation, confidence in the ability of the state to act constructively, the ability to operate abroad free of partisan politics back home, and the existence of a stable, resilient, sophisticated civil society on the receiving end of occupation policies - these political and civic virtues helped make it possible to move decisively during the brief window of a few years when defeated Japan itself was in flux and most receptive to radical change.

Front 390

The Human toll of WWII

Back 390

Over 60 million people were killed, which was over 2.5% of the world population.

Front 391

Regional and global treaty organizations

Back 391

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): a regional military alliance against soviet aggression, originally included Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the US; United Nations (UN): a supranational organization dedicated to keeping world peace, derived from allied cooperation during the war, charter hammered out in 1945, dedicated to maintaining international peace and security for business interests; Warsaw Pact; non aligned states;

Front 392

National divisions in Europe b/w west and USSR

Back 392

Soviet Union sacked Berlin; Potsdam agreement, conflict between Truman and Stalin, US use of Atomic Bomb; Berlin Wall; organized society into blocs of influence

Front 393

Zionism, the creation of Israel, and the colonization of Palestine

Back 393

1948 Balfour declaration, Herzl, observation of French mob, “Death to the Jews”, Hebrew Nationalism and reactionary religious politics; reaction to anti-Semitism;

Front 394

0012

Back 394

Major political, economic, social, and cultural developments that shaped the course of world history from 1945 to present

Front 395

Josef Stalin

Back 395

Leader of the Soviet Union during and after WWII;

Front 396

Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe

Back 396

Soviets took control of eastern European states, installed pro-communist regimes, and unified states into the USSR; controlled politics of the region until Soviet collapse;

Front 397

Marshall Plan

Back 397

a plan designed by Europeans and the US to help rebuild and provide supplies for Germany and European recovery; provided more than $13 billion to rebuild Europe, helped develop markets for US products and funneled a small portion of the money towards US political interests

Front 398

Ideology and the Cold War

Back 398

Communism vs. Capitalism; Era defined by competing political, military, and economic blocs;

Front 399

Berlin Blockade

Back 399

Western powers decided to unify zones of control; Soviets responded with blockade, blocking rail and water travel into Berlin; Allies announced Airlift, American and British ran flights for eleven months, did not expect soviets to attack flights; soviet leadership called off the blockade in May 1949.

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Formation of NATO

Back 400

The Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom, is considered the precursor to this agreement. The treaty and the Soviet Berlin Blockade led to the creation of the Western European Union's Defense Organization in September 1948; However, participation of the United States was thought necessary both to counter the military power of the USSR and to prevent the revival of nationalist militarism, so talks for a new military alliance began almost immediately resulting in the North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949. It included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland.

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The Warsaw Pact

Back 401

a collective defense treaty among eight communist states of Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War; was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), the regional economic organization for the communist States of Central and Eastern Europe; was in part a Soviet military reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but was primarily motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe

Front 402

Nuclear Arms Race

Back 402

a competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War. During the Cold War, in addition to the American and Soviet nuclear stockpiles, other countries developed nuclear weapons, though none engaged in warhead production on nearly the same scale as the two superpowers.

Front 403

Decolonization and National Independence movements

Back 403

India’s quest for home rule; China’s search for order; Libya; The Mumbo cult in Kenya; African Nationalism; Vietnam nationalist struggles; Arab national states, Palestinian independence; Algeria; Ghana, Angola, Zimbabwe, Southern Rhodesia, Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana; Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya; Patrice Lumumba, Congo; Iranian Revolution, rise of modern Islamic states;

Front 404

Mao Zedong

Back 404

leader of Chinese communist, thinker and intellectual, gained leadership position and power while communists were in exile; best known for Great Leap Forward, Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution;

Front 405

Chinese Revolution

Back 405

Japanese occupation delayed internal conflict between communists and nationalists, resumed with the defeat of Japanese; communists had strategic advantage by mid-1948; Nationalists fled to Taiwan; People’s Republic of China declared 1 October 1949; Great Leap Forward, Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution;

Front 406

Origins of Korea War

Back 406

Korea divided along 38th Parallel; extension of cold war, north, soviet; south, US; superpowers unable to come to post-wwII agreement on unification;

Front 407

Course of Korean War

Back 407

25 June 1950: Pyongyang ordered more than 100k troops to cross 38th parallel in surprise attack, capturing Seoul on 27 June; US forces worked to push north back, pushed into north in attempt to unify under US influence; China responded and issued warning to US, Chinese worked with north and pushed US back; protracted stalemate on 38th parallel;

Front 408

Consequences of the Korean War

Back 408

Globalization of containment; three million deaths; Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SATO); Domino Theory;

Front 409

Origins of Vietnam War

Back 409

had been part of the French Empire. During the war, the country had been overrun by the Japanese. When the Japanese retreated, the people took the opportunity to establish their own government lead by Ho Chi Minh. However, after the end of the war, the Allies gave back South Vietnam to the French while the north was left in the hands of the non-communist Chinese. The Nationalist Chinese treated the North very badly and support for Ho Chi Minh grew. He had been removed from power at the end of the war. The Chinese pulled out in 1946 and the party of Ho Chi Minh took over - the Viet Minh; In October 1946, the French announced their intention of reclaiming the north which meant that the Viet Minh would have to fight for it. The war started in November 1946, when the French bombarded the port of Haiphong and killed 6,000 people. The French tried to win over the people of the north by offering them 'independence'. However, the people would not be allowed to do anything without French permission! A new leader of the country was appointed called Bao Dai. The Russians and Eastern Europe refused to recognize his rule. They claimed that Ho Chi Minh was the real ruler of Vietnam.

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Course of Vietnam War

Back 410

US unit combat began in 1965; March 1959 - Ho Chi Minh declared all-out war in order to unite Vietnam under one rule; December 1961 - US military advisors begin to take a direct role in the war; August 1964 - The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution is passed by the US Congress after two US Destroyers were attacked by the North Vietnamese. This allowed US troops to use armed force in the area; March 8, 1965 - The first official US combat troops arrive in Vietnam. The US begins a bombing campaign of Northern Vietnam called Operation Rolling Thunder; January 30, 1968 - North Vietnam launches the Tet Offensive attacking around 100 cities in Southern Vietnam; July 1969 - President Nixon begins the withdrawal of US troops; March 1972 - The North Vietnamese attack across the border in the Easter Offensive; When Richard Nixon became president he decided to end US involvement in the war. He first began removing troops from Vietnam in July of 1969. On January 27, 1973 a peace fire was negotiated. A few months later in March the final US troops were removed from Vietnam. In April of 1975 South Vietnam surrendered to North Vietnam. Soon the country became officially unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Vietnam was now a communist country. The US had lost the Vietnam War and also taken a major blow in the Cold War;

Front 411

Consequences of Vietnam War

Back 411

killed an estimated 2 million Vietnamese civilians, 1.1 million North Vietnamese troops, 200,000 South Vietnamese troops, and 58,000 U.S. troops. Those wounded in combat numbered tens of thousands more. The massive U.S. bombing of both North and South Vietnam left the country in ruins, and the U.S. Army’s use of herbicides such as Agent Orange not only devastated Vietnam’s natural environment but also caused widespread health problems that have persisted for decades; US PoWs; completely changed the way the United States approached military action and helped define the role of the United States within the new world order.

Front 412

Cuban Revolution

Back 412

an armed revolt conducted by Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement and its allies against the government of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista. The revolution began in July 1953, [4] and finally ousted Batista on 1 January 1959, replacing his government with a revolutionary socialist state. The Movement organization later reformed along communist lines, becoming the Communist Party in October 1965. The Communist Party, now headed by Castro's brother Raúl, continues to govern Cuba today.

Front 413

Cuban Missile Crisis

Back 413

a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the United States on the other side. The crisis is generally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict and is also the first documented instance of mutual assured destruction (MAD) being discussed as a determining factor in a major international arms agreement

Front 414

Revolution, reaction, modernization and democratic movements in Latin America

Back 414

Mexico and Brazil led the way in post-war development, particularly in industrialization; also brought about needed social reforms; Cuban revolution, Bautista, Castro, che, 1956 - 59; Cuban socialism and isolation; fear of socialism resulted in crackdowns in LA; 1964 Brazil crackdown; Argentina: military ousted Peron, continued military intervention; Chile: Salvador Allende, military coup, Pinochet; 1980s restoration of republican democracy after dictatorship in several LA country;

Front 415

Brazil in post-war years

Back 415

1930 Vargas coup, nationalist conservative dictatorship, became popular dictator, enacted reforms to spur industrialization and modernization, served interests of business, but appeased workers and labor leaders with small reforms; President Kubitschek, late 1950s, borrowed heavily from foreign banks to fund economic growth and build new capital, shifted power to central federal government;

Front 416

Mexico in the post-war years

Back 416

complete political and social revolution before WWII; 1910, against dictator Porforio Diaz, 1917 revolution success, new constitution, but fighting continued among various factions, universal suffrage, major land reforms, workers’ rights, limited foreign investment; Cardenas, massive land redistribution, industrial development, road building, limited power of catholic church, Party of the Mexican Revolution, IRP or PRI; urbanization; poverty;

Front 417

Major developments in arts, music, literature, religion, and philosophy in post-war era

Back 417

fear of nuclear war, family, Levvittowns, keeping up with the jonses, TV, American Consumerism, paranoia, video games, protest culture, sports

Front 418

Causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union

Back 418

1. Economic Stagnation in the 1970s, 2. Western Engagement with the USSR (boycott of Moscow Olympics, Afghanistan, Reagan/Evil Empire, SDI) 3. Gorbachev’s Reforms (Perestroika, Glasnost) 4. The Loss of Eastern Europe 5. Dissolution of the Soviet Union 6. Aftermath of the Dissolution

Front 419

Soviet Policy changes

Back 419

Perestroika: promised restructuring of economy, with little in way of concrete reform; Glasnost: reducing state control over media and encouraged more intellectual debate;

Front 420

Failures of the soviet economy

Back 420

Struggling to provide basics as economy was drained by arms race;

Front 421

Nationalism and conflict in the post-Cold War world

Back 421

The post–Cold War period has witnessed a number of ethnically-informed secessionist movements, predominantly within the former communist states. Conflicts have involved secessionist movements in the former Yugoslavia, Transnistria in Moldova, Armenians in Azerbaijan, Abkhaz and Ossetians in Georgia; However, some theorists contend that this does not represent a rise in the incidence of ethnic conflict, since many of the proxy wars fought during the Cold War were in fact ethnic conflicts masked as hot spots of the Cold War. Research shows that the fall of Communism and the increase in the number of capitalist states were accompanied by a decline in total warfare, interstate wars, ethnic wars, revolutionary wars, and the number of refugees and displaced persons

Front 422

Global economic developments since 1945

Back 422

Since 1950, the global economy has grown faster than ever before in history. Indeed, by some measures, more economic growth has occurred in this era than in all previous eras of human history combined. The world economy, which enjoyed a half century of remarkable growth, has begun to display previously undetected vulnerabilities. By 2000, assertive new political actors, especially the European Union, China, and India, were beginning to provoke global power shifts. At the same time, the unraveling of states in tropical Africa and elsewhere has suggested that central governments can show themselves to be incapable of managing repeated political and economic crises; the globalization of the world economy has transformed the way in which nearly everyone thinks about the world.

Front 423

Post-war reconstruction in Europe and Asia

Back 423

Europe: Marshall plan in Germany, us and allied funds to rebuild economy; Japanese reconstruction: Between 1945 and 1952, the U.S. occupying forces, led by General Douglas A. MacArthur, enacted widespread military, political, economic, and social reforms;

Front 424

Communications revolution

Back 424

new technologies brought about advanced fast communications network, internet, cell phones, etc. continuous flow of information helped to establish economic interdependence, capitalist control of markets, sped up cultural exchange;

Front 425

Growing interdependence of the global economy

Back 425

capitalists and markets became truly global, transnational corporation and international corporations, free market reforms, shipping technologies, global coordination and organization;

Front 426

0013

Back 426

The impact of science and technology on the development of civilization

Front 427

Tools of the Stone Age

Back 427

hammer stones, stone cores, and sharp stone flakes/hand axe;

Front 428

Tools of the Bronze age

Back 428

swords, axes, sickle swords, smelting metal and alloying with tin; pots, spear points or adze heads, or "ritual bronzes", which are more elaborate versions in precious materials of everyday vessels, as well as tools and weapons.

Front 429

Tools of the Iron Age

Back 429

farming tools, Iron farming tools, such as sickles and plough tips, made the process more efficient and allowed farmers to exploit tougher soils, try new crops and have more time for other activities.

Front 430

The clock

Back 430

sundials, hourglass, water clocks, early mechanical, astronomical, spring driven, played important role in the development of capital and the structure of the factory;

Front 431

The compass

Back 431

a navigational instrument that shows directions in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the surface of the Earth; Arabs introduced the compass from China to Europe, although current textual evidence only supports the fact that Chinese use of the navigational compass preceded that of Europe and the Middle East; critical to navigation and development of maritime trade and navigation, exploration;

Front 432

The astrolabe

Back 432

an elaborate inclinometer, historically used by astronomers, navigators, and astrologers. Its many uses include locating and predicting the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars, determining local time given local latitude and vice-versa, surveying, triangulation, and to cast horoscopes. It was used in classical antiquity, the Islamic Golden Age, the European Middle Ages and Renaissance for all these purposes. In the Islamic world, it was also used to calculate the Qibla and to find the times for Salat, prayers. There is often confusion between the astrolabe and the mariner's astrolabe. While the astrolabe could be useful for determining latitude on land, it was an awkward instrument for use on the heaving deck of a ship or in wind. The mariner's astrolabe was developed to solve these problems; Mariner’s astrolabe: an inclinometer used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the sun's noon altitude (declination) or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination

Front 433

The printing press

Back 433

block press printing, originated in China, moveable type, allowed popularization of literacy, enlightenment, spread of education, and transformation of society

Front 434

The laws of motion

Back 434

I. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. II. The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector. III. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Front 435

The microscope

Back 435

The first to be developed was the optical microscope, although the original inventor is not easy to identify. Evidence points to the first appearing in the Netherlands in the late 1500s, probably an invention of eyeglass makers there; allowed people to investigate into the world of things smaller than the eye can see, critical to scientific progress

Front 436

Electric power

Back 436

Ancient batteries, William Gilbert, Further work was conducted by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and C. F. du Fay. In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. Alessandro Volta, Faraday invented the electric motor;

Front 437

Theory of relativity

Back 437

Einstein, trains, Concepts introduced by the theories of relativity include:
Measurements of various quantities are relative to the velocities of observers. In particular, space contracts and time dilates. Space-time: space and time should be considered together and in relation to each other. The speed of light is nonetheless invariant, the same for all observers. The term "theory of relativity" was based on the expression "relative theory" (German: Relativtheorie) used in 1906 by Max Planck. Brought about nuclear weapons, nuclear power, and e=mc^2;

Front 438

Penicillin

Back 438

a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi, allowed for the treatment of bacterial infections, Alexander Fleming, led to the development of microbial sciences

Front 439

The microchip

Back 439

Jack Kilby, s a newly employed engineer at Texas Instruments (TI), did not yet have the right to a summer vacation. He spent the summer working on the problem in circuit design that was commonly called the "tyranny of numbers" and finally came to the conclusion that manufacturing the circuit components en masse in a single piece of semiconductor material could provide a solution. On September 12 he presented his findings to management, which included Mark Shepherd. He showed them a piece of germanium with an oscilloscope attached, pressed a switch, and the oscilloscope showed a continuous sine wave, proving that his integrated circuit worked and thus that he had solved the problem. U.S. Patent 3,138,743 for "Miniaturized Electronic Circuits", the first integrated circuit, was filed on February 6, 1959.Along with Robert Noyce (who independently made a similar circuit a few months later), Kilby is generally credited as co-inventor of the integrated circuit; allowed for the development of advanced computing technologies, revolutionized technology and sped up scientific progress, brought about communications age;

Front 440

Social, cultural, political, and economic factors that have discouraged or encouraged scientific discovery and technological innovation

Back 440

wheel, agriculture, domestication, trade, markets, centralized states, climate change, seafaring, caravel sails, astronomy, reactionary religious principles and structures (limit), advanced technologies;

Front 441

Scientific revolution of 17th century

Back 441

the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. According to traditional accounts, the scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance era and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. While its dates are disputed, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) and Andreas Vesalius's De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human body) is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution. By the end of the 18th century, the scientific revolution had given way to the "Age of Reflection".

Front 442

Scientific revolution of the 20th century

Back 442

atomic theory, Einsteinian physics, quantum physics, bioengineering, etc.

Front 443

Consequences of agricultural revolution

Back 443

hunter gatherer to settled societies, development of single cultures, complex societies, power and authority, states, complex trade, markets, social classes, technologies to support cities, writing, complex religions, ruling powers, silk roads and long distance trade;

Front 444

Consequences of industrial revolution

Back 444

centralization of labor power, urbanization, stronger centralization, increased production and accessibility of material goods, putting out and then the wage system, nationalism and nationhood, capitalism, war technologies, population growth, mass farming, stronger federal states, expanded communications capacity;

Front 445

Consequences of information revolution

Back 445

near-instantaneous communications networks, high-speed computing, faster and efficient corporate organization, advanced military technologies (unmanned), globalization of politics, economics, and culture;

Front 446

Copernicus

Back 446

a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center

Front 447

Galileo

Back 447

an Italian physicist, mathematician, engineer, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy", [4] the "father of modern physics", [5] [6] the "father of science", [7] [6] and "the Father of Modern Science". [8]

Front 448

Francis Bacon

Back 448

an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, essayist, and author. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. After his death, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution; has been called the creator of empiricism. [4] His works established and popularized inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry or simply the scientific method. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper methodology today.

Front 449

William Harvey

Back 449

an English physician. He was the first to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart, though earlier writers had provided precursors of the theory.

Front 450

Descartes

Back 450

a French philosopher, mathematician and writer who spent most of his life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the father of modern philosophy, and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. In particular, his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. His' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system — allowing reference to a point in space as a set of numbers, and allowing algebraic equations to be expressed as geometric shapes in a two-dimensional coordinate system (and conversely, shapes to be described as equations) — was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, crucial to the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Was also one of the key figures in the scientific revolution and has been described as an example of genius. He refused to accept the authority of previous philosophers and also refused to accept the obviousness of his own senses.

Front 451

Sir Isaac Newton

Back 451

1642 to 1727; developed universal theory of gravitation; invented calculus; redefined human understanding of the world to that point and until the 20th century

Front 452

Marie Curie

Back 452

a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Pantheon in Paris.

Front 453

Albert Einstein

Back 453

a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).[2][3] He is best known for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation").[4] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".[5] The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory.

Front 454

Scientific Method

Back 454

the process by which scientists, collectively and over time, endeavor to construct an accurate (that is, reliable, consistent and non-arbitrary) representation of the world.
Recognizing that personal and cultural beliefs influence both our perceptions and our interpretations of natural phenomena, we aim through the use of standard procedures and criteria to minimize those influences when developing a theory. As a famous scientist once said, "Smart people (like smart lawyers) can come up with very good explanations for mistaken points of view." In summary, the scientific method attempts to minimize the influence of bias or prejudice in the experimenter when testing a hypothesis or a theory.

Front 455

Contemporary issues in science and technology

Back 455

bioengineering/GMO, brain research, artificial intelligence, high-speed computing

Front 456

Technology and science are addressing ecological issues and problems

Back 456

green tech

Front 457

0014

Back 457

Major physical features of the world and the effects of geographic factors on the development of human societies

Front 458

Shape, location, and relationships among major land masses

Back 458

Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, Antarctica, America (central and South)

Front 459

Location of significant landforms and bodies of water

Back 459

Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, Artic oceans

Front 460

Geography

Back 460

The study of the Earth's surface, climate, continents, countries, peoples, industries, and products.

Front 461

Physical geography

Back 461

Concerned with the locations of such earth features as land, water, and climate; their relationship to one another and to human activities; and the forces that create and change them.

Front 462

Cartography

Back 462

The making or study of maps or charts.

Front 463

Biome

Back 463

A community of plants and animals that are naturally "right for each other", composition largely controlled by climactic conditions.

Front 464

Savanna

Back 464

A region of (very hot) grassland that lies in either hemisphere between equatorial forest and hot desert.

Front 465

Human geography

Back 465

Concentrates on patterns of human activity and on their relationships with the environment.

Front 466

Tundra

Back 466

A vast, level, treeless plain in the arctic regions. The ground beneath the surface of the tundra’s is frozen even in summer, known as permafrost.

Front 467

Contour Map

Back 467

A map that displays heights at regular intervals over sea level by means of contour lines.

Front 468

Coniferous Forests

Back 468

Forests of trees that bear cones. Also known as evergreens.

Front 469

Deciduous Forests

Back 469

Forests of trees that shed leaves each year.

Front 470

Peterson

Back 470

A type of map projection that depicts the continents' sizes more accurately than Mercator.

Front 471

Mollweide

Back 471

A type of homolographic map projection in which the surface of the earth is represented as an ellipse, with the equator and parallels of latitude as straight lines.

Front 472

Distortion

Back 472

A distorting; twisting out of shape.

Front 473

Latitude

Back 473

Distance north or south of the equator, measured up to 90 degrees each way.

Front 474

Scale

Back 474

The mathematical relationship by which distances on a map reduce actual distances on Earth.

Front 475

Equator

Back 475

An imaginary circle around the middle of the earth, halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole.

Front 476

Map Legend

Back 476

Lists and explains the symbols and colors used on a map.

Front 477

Projections

Back 477

A number of mathematical methods that cartographers use to produce a flat map of the round Earth.

Front 478

Topography

Back 478

The surface features of a place or region. The topography of a region includes hills, valleys, streams, lakes, bridges, tunnels, and roads.

Front 479

Parallel

Back 479

Any of the imaginary circles around the earth parallel to the equator, marking degrees of latitude.

Front 480

Geographic

Back 480

Grids Networks of imaginary lines that help us find and describe places on Earth.

Front 481

Desert

Back 481

A barren region with little or no rainfall, usually sandy and without trees.

Front 482

Mercator

Back 482

represents the meridians and parallels of latitude as straight lines.

Front 483

Prime Meridian

Back 483

Runs through Greenwich, London, England. This is 0 degrees longitude.

Front 484

Longitude

Back 484

Distance east or west on the earth's surface, measured in degrees from a certain meridian (line from the North to the South Pole).

Front 485

Meridians

Back 485

An imaginary circle passing through any place on the earth's surface and through the North and South Poles.

Front 486

Compass

Back 486

An instrument for showing directions, consisting of a needle or compass card that points to the north magnetic pole, which is near the North Pole.

Front 487

Tropical Rain Forests

Back 487

A woodland area of tall trees that grow in equatorial regions, which have year-round warmth and abundant rainfall.

Front 488

Renewable resources

Back 488

A resource that can be renewed, such as solar and wind power.

Front 489

Habitat

Back 489

an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism

Front 490

Acculturation

Back 490

explains the process of cultural change and psychological change that results following meeting between cultures

Front 491

Ecosystem

Back 491

a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system

Front 492

Atlases

Back 492

is a collection of maps

Front 493

Almanacs

Back 493

an annual publication that includes information such as weather forecasts, farmers' planting dates, tide tables, and tabular information often arranged according to the calendar. Astronomical data and various statistics are found in almanacs, such as the times of the rising and setting of the sun and moon, eclipses, hours of full tide, stated festivals of churches, and so on

Front 494

Map Knowledge

Back 494

The use of maps to obtain data for solving locational problems and to answer questions, infer relationships, and analyze spatial change

Front 495

Geography’s impact on society

Back 495

influence of geographic factors on patterns of human settlement, major historical events, and political, economic, social, and cultural developments

Front 496

0015

Back 496

Understand basic political science terms, concepts, and theories and the characteristics, organization, and development of various political systems

Front 497

Power and Authority

Back 497

Power is often identified by people who hold a particular office or position. Many would refer to the President of the United States as a very powerful person. However, the President does not have the authority to do as he or she wishes. Legislation cannot be passed by the President just because he or she wants it passed. That is a prime example of one of the differences between power and authority. Authority is defined as the ability of a person to completely command a particular situation. Dictatorships are often defined as a person having complete authority to do as he or she wishes.

Front 498

Justice

Back 498

is a concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, equity and fairness.

Front 499

Natural Law

Back 499

a system of law that is determined by nature, and so is universal

Front 500

Natural rights

Back 500

are those not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government, and therefore universal and inalienable (i.e., cannot be sold, transferred, or removed).

Front 501

Citizenship

Back 501

is the status of a person recognized under the custom or law of a state that bestows on that person (called a citizen) the rights and the duties of citizenship

Front 502

Purposes of government

Back 502

social order, public services, economic decisions, national security

Front 503

Absolute monarchy

Back 503

a form of government where the monarch rules unhindered, i.e., without any laws, constitution or legally organized opposition.

Front 504

Anarchy

Back 504

a condition of lawlessness or political disorder brought about by the absence of governmental authority.

Front 505

Authoritarian

Back 505

a form of government in which state authority is imposed onto many aspects of citizens' lives.

Front 506

Commonwealth

Back 506

a nation, state or other political entity founded on law and united by a compact of the people for the common good.

Front 507

Communist

Back 507

a system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single -- often authoritarian -- party holds power; state controls are imposed with the elimination of private ownership of property or capital while claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people (i.e., a classless society).

Front 508

Confederacy (Confederation)

Back 508

a union by compact or treaty between states, provinces or territories that creates a central government with limited powers; the constituent entities retain supreme authority over all matters except those delegated to the central government.

Front 509

Constitutional

Back 509

a government by or operating under an authoritative document (constitution) that sets forth the system of fundamental laws and principles that determines the nature, functions and limits of that government.

Front 510

Constitutional democracy

Back 510

a form of government in which the sovereign power of the people is spelled out in a governing constitution.

Front 511

Constitutional monarchy

Back 511

a system of government in which a monarch is guided by a constitution whereby his/her rights, duties, and responsibilities are spelled out in written law or by custom.

Front 512

Democracy

Back 512

a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed.

Front 513

Democratic republic

Back 513

a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them.

Front 514

Dictatorship

Back 514

a form of government in which a ruler or small clique wield absolute power (not restricted by a constitution or laws).

Front 515

Ecclesiastical

Back 515

a government administrated by a church.

Front 516

Emirate

Back 516

similar to a monarchy or sultanate, a government in which the supreme power is in the hands of an emir (the ruler of a Muslim state); the emir may be an absolute overlord or a sovereign with constitutionally limited authority.

Front 517

Federal (Federation)

Back 517

a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided -- usually by means of a constitution -- between a central authority and a number of constituent regions (states, colonies or provinces) so that each region retains some management of its internal affairs; differs from a confederacy in that the central government exerts influence directly upon both individuals as well as upon the regional units.

Front 518

Federal republic

Back 518

a state in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in which the component parts (states, colonies, or provinces) retain a degree of self-government; ultimate sovereign power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives.

Front 519

Islamic republic

Back 519

a particular form of government adopted by some Muslim states; although such a state is, in theory, a theocracy, it remains a republic, but its laws are required to be compatible with the laws of Islam.

Front 520

Maoism

Back 520

the theory and practice of Marxism-Leninism developed in China by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), which states that a continuous revolution is necessary if the leaders of a communist state are to keep in touch with the people.

Front 521

Marxism

Back 521

the political, economic and social principles espoused by 19th century economist Karl Marx; he viewed the struggle of workers as a progression of historical forces that would proceed from a class struggle of the proletariat (workers) exploited by capitalists (business owners), to a socialist "dictatorship of the proletariat," to, finally, a classless society -- Communism.

Front 522

Marxism-Leninism

Back 522

an expanded form of communism developed by Vladimir Lenin from doctrines of Karl Marx; Lenin saw imperialism as the final stage of capitalism and shifted the focus of workers' struggle from developed to underdeveloped countries.

Front 523

Monarchy

Back 523

a government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch who reigns over a state or territory, usually for life and by hereditary right; the monarch may be either a sole absolute ruler or a sovereign - such as a king, queen or prince - with constitutionally limited authority.

Front 524

Oligarchy

Back 524

a government in which control is exercised by a small group of individuals whose authority generally is based on wealth or power.

Front 525

Parliamentary democracy

Back 525

a political system in which the legislature (parliament) selects the government - a prime minister, premier or chancellor along with the cabinet ministers - according to party strength as expressed in elections; by this system, the government acquires a dual responsibility: to the people as well as to the parliament.

Front 526

Parliamentary government (Cabinet-Parliamentary government)

Back 526

a government in which members of an executive branch (the cabinet and its leader - a prime minister, premier or chancellor) are nominated to their positions by a legislature or parliament, and are directly responsible to it; this type of government can be dissolved at will by the parliament (legislature) by means of a no-confidence vote or the leader of the cabinet may dissolve the parliament if it can no longer function.

Front 527

Parliamentary monarchy

Back 527

a state headed by a monarch who is not actively involved in policy formation or implementation (i.e., the exercise of sovereign powers by a monarch in a ceremonial capacity); true governmental leadership is carried out by a cabinet and its head - a prime minister, premier or chancellor - who are drawn from a legislature (parliament).

Front 528

Presidential

Back 528

a system of government where the executive branch exists separately from a legislature (to which it is generally not accountable).

Front 529

Republic

Back 529

a representative democracy in which the people elected deputies (representatives), not the people themselves, vote on legislation.

Front 530

Socialism

Back 530

a government in which the means of planning, producing and distributing goods is controlled by a central government that theoretically seeks a more just and equitable distribution of property and labor; in actuality, most socialist governments have ended up being no more than dictatorships over workers by a ruling elite.

Front 531

Sultanate

Back 531

similar to a monarchy, a government in which the supreme power is in the hands of a sultan (the head of a Muslim state); the sultan may be an absolute ruler or a sovereign with constitutionally limited authority.

Front 532

Theocracy

Back 532

a form of government in which a Deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, the Deity's laws are interpreted by ecclesiastical authorities (bishops, mullahs, etc.); a government subject to religious authority.

Front 533

Totalitarian

Back 533

a government that seeks to subordinate the individual to the state by controlling not only all political and economic matters, but also the attitudes, values and beliefs of its population.

Front 534

Enlightenment and liberalism

Back 534

rebirth of classical studies and rejection of church authority led to desire for individual liberties and social reforms

Front 535

Romanticism and Nationalism

Back 535

a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature led to a growth of reactionary politics and development of national identities, reliance on “natural” feelings and emotions, did not reject cultural and individual biases

Front 536

Wars of the 20th century and the emergence of nationalism

Back 536

WWI and nationalism as a response to the great depression and economic strife

Front 537

Comparison of historical and contemporary forms of government

Back 537

growth from small empire city-states to large national federalisms

Front 538

0016

Back 538

Understand the principles contained in the founding documents of the US government and the structure and operation of the US political system

Front 539

Origins and development of constitutional and democratic government

Back 539

enlightenment, exploration, colonization, Locke (Liberalism), Voltaire (against oppression of minority groups), Rousseau (social contract); all contributed to the origin of these two government forms/principles

Front 540

Athenian democracy

Back 540

a political system in which the people do not elect representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right. Participation was by no means open; to vote one had to be an adult citizen, and only about 45,000 of Athens' population of around 300,000 were citizens.[citation needed] The public opinion of voters was remarkably influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theatres.[1]

Front 541

Separation of church and state

Back 541

a metaphorical description for the distance in the relationship between organized religion and the nation state.

Front 542

The Germanic witans

Back 542

a political institution in Anglo-Saxon England which operated from before the 7th century until the 11th century. The Witenagemot was an assembly of the ruling class whose primary function was to advise the king and whose membership was composed of the most important noblemen in England, both ecclesiastic and secular.

Front 543

Magna Carta

Back 543

an Angevin charter originally issued in Latin. It was sealed under oath by King John at Runnymede, on the bank of the River Thames near Windsor, England, on 15 June 1215. [2] was the first document imposed upon a King of England by a group of his subjects, the feudal barons, in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their rights. is widely known throughout the English speaking world as an important part of the protracted historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law in England and beyond. The 1215 charter required King John to proclaim certain liberties and accept that his will was not arbitrary—for example by explicitly accepting that no "freeman" (in the sense of non-serf) could be punished except through the law of the land, a right that still exists under English law today.

Front 544

Petition of Right

Back 544

a major English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing. Passed on 7 June 1628, the Petition contains restrictions on non-Parliamentary taxation, forced billeting of soldiers, imprisonment without cause, and the use of martial law. Following disputes between Parliament and King Charles I over the execution of the Thirty Years' War, Parliament refused to grant subsidies to support the war effort, leading to Charles gathering "forced loans" without Parliamentary approval and arbitrarily imprisoning those who refused to pay. Moreover, the war footing of the nation led to the forced billeting of soldiers within the homes of private citizens, and the declaration of martial law over large swathes of the country.

Front 545

English Bill of Rights

Back 545

an Act of the Parliament of England passed on 16 December 1689.[2] It was a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689 (or 1688 by Old Style dating), inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. It lays down limits on the powers of the crown and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement for regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. It reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have arms for their defense within the rule of law, and condemned James II of England for "causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law". These ideas about rights reflected those of the political thinker John Locke and they quickly became popular in England.

Front 546

English common law

Back 546

was based on the principle that the rulings made by the King's courts were made according to the common custom of the realm, as opposed to decisions made in local and manorial courts which judged by provincial laws and customs. was begun in the reign of Henry II, who had foreign legal learning and instituted legal reform in England.

Front 547

Mayflower Compact

Back 547

was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony; was based simultaneously upon a majoritarian model (taking into account that women could not vote) and the settlers' allegiance to the king. It was in essence a contract in which the settlers consented to follow the compact's rules and regulations for the sake of order and survival

Front 548

Central Concepts and Purposes: Declaration of Independence

Back 548

announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as 13 newly independent sovereign states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America. Was ultimately a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain, more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War.

Front 549

Central Concepts and Purposes: US Constitution

Back 549

originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles entrench the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress; the executive, consisting of the President; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it; Purpose was to form a federal authority following the crises of post-revolutionary confederation

Front 550

Central Concepts and Purposes: The Federalist Papers

Back 550

a series of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. Made the argument for a federal central authority, nationalizing the war debt to unite the nation under one flag and tie the future of the states together

Front 551

Representative government

Back 551

a variety of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy.

Front 552

Separation of powers

Back 552

a model for the governance of a state (or who controls the state). The model was first developing in ancient Greece and Rome. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches; Judicial: determine if laws are constitutional; Legislative: revise and pass laws; Executive: sign legislation into law, military head, executive action;

Front 553

Individual freedom

Back 553

life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness, speech, religion, and etc. state shall not infringe on rights, etc. the belief that individuals had certain guaranteed rights

Front 554

Ordered liberty

Back 554

the initial standard for determining what provisions of the Bill of Rights were to be upheld by the states through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Today the Fourteenth Amendment is generally seen as encompassing all of the guarantees bearing on fundamental fairness that are included in or that arose from the Bill of Rights rather than a small class of provisions essential to ordered liberty.

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Checks and balances

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each of the three branches of government can limit the powers of the others. This way, no one branch becomes too powerful.

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Judicial review

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the doctrine under which legislative and/or executive actions are subject to review (and possible invalidation) by the judiciary

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Federalism

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a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor; serfs and nobles, kings and royalty; Church;

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Relationships between federal, state, and local governments

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federal government is supreme authority, though it does not claim authority over all items and often leaves micro managing to the states

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US electoral system

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is the institution that officially elects the President and Vice President of the United States every four years. The President and Vice President are not elected directly by the voters. Instead, they are elected by "electors" who are chosen by popular vote on a state-by-state basis; the number of electors in each state is equal to the number of members of Congress to which the state is entitled

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Role of political parties and interest groups

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Political parties: organize campaigns around candidates, form platforms, conventions, etc.; Interest Groups: organizations that advance the political interests of particular groupings of people;

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Rights and responsibilities of US citizenship

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Rights: Freedom to express yourself. Freedom to worship as you wish. Right to a prompt, fair trial by jury. Right to vote in elections for public officials. Right to apply for federal employment requiring U.S. citizenship. Right to run for elected office. Freedom to pursue “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” Responsibilities: Support and defend the Constitution. Stay informed of the issues affecting your community. Participate in the democratic process. Respect and obey federal, state, and local laws. Respect the rights, beliefs, and opinions of others. Participate in your local community. Pay income and other taxes honestly, and on time, to federal, state, and local authorities. Serve on a jury when called upon. Defend the country if the need should arise.

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0017

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Fundamental economic concepts and theories, characteristics of major economic systems and the organization and operation of the US economic system

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Scarcity

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is the fundamental economic problem of having seemingly unlimited human wants in a world of limited resources. It states that society has insufficient productive resources to fulfill all human wants and needs.

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Choice

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What someone must make when faced with two or more alternative uses of a resource (also called economic choice).

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Production

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The making of goods available for use; total output especially of a commodity or industry.

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Distribution

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The manner in which total output and income is distributed among individuals or factors (e.g., the distribution of income between labor and capital).

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Exchange

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Trading goods and services with others for other goods and services or for money (also called trade). When people exchange voluntarily, they expect to be better off as a result.

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Consumption

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In macroeconomics, the total spending, by individuals or a nation, on consumer goods during a given period. Strictly speaking, consumption should apply only to those goods totally used, enjoyed, or "eaten up" within that period. In practice, consumption expenditures include all consumer goods bought, many of which last well beyond the period in question --e.g., furniture, clothing, and automobiles.

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Entrepreneurship

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The human resource that assumes the risk of organizing other productive resources to produce goods and services; one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise.

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Supply and demand

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A schedule of how much producers are willing and able to sell at all possible prices during some time period; A schedule of how much consumers are willing and able to buy at all possible prices during some time period.

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Adam Smith

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a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, [1] is best known for two classic works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics.

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Thomas Malthus

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an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography; became widely known for his theories about change in population. His An Essay on the Principle of Population observed that sooner or later population will be checked by famine and disease, leading to what is known as a Malthusian catastrophe. He wrote in opposition to the popular view in 18th-century Europe that saw society as improving and in principle as perfectible.[4] He thought that the dangers of population growth precluded progress towards a utopian society: "The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man"

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Karl Marx

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a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist; work in economics laid the basis for the current understanding of labor and its relation to capital, and has influenced much of subsequent economic thought.

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John Maynard Keynes

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a British economist whose ideas have fundamentally affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, and informed the economic policies of governments. He built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles, and is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern macroeconomics and the most influential economist of the 20th century. [2][3][4][5] His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, and its various offshoot; state intervention was necessary to moderate "boom and bust" cycles of economic activity

Front 575

Milton Friedman

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an American economist, statistician, and writer who taught at the University of Chicago for more than three decades. He was a recipient of the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and is known for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and the complexity of stabilization policy; began with his 1950s reinterpretation of the consumption function, and he became the main advocate opposing activist Keynesian government policies.[5] In the late 1960s he described his own approach (along with all of mainstream economics) as using "Keynesian language and apparatus" yet rejecting its "initial" conclusions.[6] During the 1960s he promoted an alternative macroeconomic policy known as "monetarism". He theorized there existed a "natural" rate of unemployment, and argued that governments could increase employment above this rate (e.g., by increasing aggregate demand) only at the risk of causing inflation to accelerate

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Feudalism

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was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor.

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Capitalism

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an economic system in which trade, industry, and the means of production are controlled by private owners with the goal of making profits

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Socialism

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is a social and economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and co-operative management of the economy,

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Communism

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is a socioeconomic system structured upon common ownership of the means of production and characterized by the absence of classes, money, [1] [2] and the state; as well as a social, political and economic ideology and movement that aims to establish this social order.

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Components of US economic system

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A mixed economy is commonly defined as an economic system in which both the private sector and state direct the economy, reflecting characteristics of both market economies and planned economies.[1] Most mixed economies can be described as market economies with strong regulatory oversight and governmental provision of public goods. Some mixed economies also feature a variety of state-run enterprises.

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Consumers

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is a person or group of people, such as a household, who are the final users of products or services

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Households

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consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and also share at meals or living accommodation, and may consist of a single family or some other grouping of people

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Business

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an organization involved in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers.

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Organized labor

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is for workers to form "a continuous association of wage-earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment"; AFL-CIO, etc.

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Banks

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a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into lending activities, either directly by loaning or indirectly through capital markets.

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Fiscal and monetary policy

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Monetary policy is typically implemented by a central bank, while fiscal policy decisions are set by the national government. However, both monetary and fiscal policy may be used to influence the performance of the economy in the short run; Fiscal Policy -- Budget and Taxes; Monetary policy is a term used to refer to the actions of central banks to achieve macroeconomic policy objectives such as price stability, full employment, and stable economic growth. In the United States, the Congress established maximum employment and price stability as the macroeconomic objectives for the Federal Reserve; they are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve's dual mandate.

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Regulatory activities

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The U.S. Congress creates laws and delegates authority for implementation of the laws to federal regulatory agencies. The agencies then draft regulations for implementing the laws, and this process involves a public comment period.

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Factors influencing the activities of American producers and consumers in the global economy

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employment, wages, markets, stock prices, financing, etc. influence these groups in US society

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Exchange rates

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is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another

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Trade pacts

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is a wide ranging tax, tariff and trade treaty that often includes investment guarantees. The most common trade agreements are of the preferential and free trade types are concluded in order to reduce (or eliminate) tariffs, quotas and other trade restrictions on items traded between the signatories.

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Tariff barriers

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duties imposed on goods which effectively create an obstacle to trade, although this is not necessarily the purpose of putting tariffs in place. These barriers are also sometimes known as import restraints, because they limit the amount of goods which can be imported into a country.

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0018

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Prepare and organized developed analysis on a topic related to one or more of the following: US History, world history, geography, government, and economics

Front 593

The influence of Greek and roman ideas on the development of western political thought

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classic influence led to the development of the enlightenment, scientific revolution, representative and direct democracies in a republic, pursuit of individual wealth and knowledge;

Front 594

Similarities and differences between medieval and renaissance culture and society

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medieval: church centric, strict social classes, knowledge restrict to church, rejection of scientific knowledge, acceptance of supernatural aspects of religion; Renaissance: individual expression, liberalism, scientific method and practice, rejection of church authority and monarchies, vast development of culture beyond church and religion, exploration of new moral principles and thoughts;

Front 595

The origins goals and consequences of the American and French revolutions

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American: separate wealth and sovereignty from British crown, confederation, federalism, slavery, and the civil war, first state based on enlightenment ideals, inspired other movements/revolutions; French: depose the king and reconstruct society as a whole, separate from the church, reform land and property, social upheaval, conflict between factions, successive changes in government structure (Estates, National Assembly, the Convention, Robespierre and the Reign of Terror, the Directory), eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, nation burdened with debt and culture of revolving governments;

Front 596

The influence of geographic factors on the development of colonial societies in north America

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Northeast had cold climate, limited disease, increased survivability (combined with cultural factors), led to stability and industrialization (small scale to large), cold months good for production of goods; Midatlantic and southern states states had milder climate, led to expansive agriculture, slavery;

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The influence of westward expansion on political, cultural, and economic developments in the United States during the nineteenth century

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relocation of natives, expansion increased revenues and increased national wealth, made US more dominant power in western hemisphere, sparked more migration and immigration, interactions of cultures (Texas war, Chinese Exclusion Act, slavery), expansion of sectional issues sparks civil war: Missouri Compromise (1820); Compromise of 1850; Dred Scott; Free soil party, Bleeding Kansas; John Browns raid;

Front 598

The rise of nationalism in Asia and Africa and the struggle against European colonialism

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Congo, Kenya, China, Korea, Vietnam, etc fight to redefine themselves after WWII, struggle against foreign powers and to establish their own nations

Front 599

The role of FDR in the evolution of US economic and political life

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New Deal, government regulation, regulated capitalism

Front 600

The accomplishments and limitations of the CRM

Back 600

civil rights act, voting rights act, affirmative action, end of Jim crow laws / segregation, inspired wave of social justice movements; basically a legal focus, did not do a lot to address economic inequality that is direct result of slavery economy, did not always include women of color, advocated non-violence when faced with violence or death, did not always empower people of color, often excluded poor blacks, those with criminal records, etc. (e.g. Rosa Parks vs. Claudette Colvin);