Mt Module 6 Class 1

Front 1

the eye is part of the system we call the _______ system.

Back 1

sensory system. It allows us to react to our environment

Front 2

the sensory organ of sight transmitting visual images to the brain is the...

Back 2

eye.

Front 3

the brain performs the "______" process for the eye.

Back 3

the developing process because the brain interprets the information it receives from the eye.

Front 4

following terms refer to eye:

Back 4

optic, oculo-, ophthalmo-

Front 5

how many cranial nerves control the ocular muscles of the eye and the lacrimal apparatus?

Back 5

six

Front 6

what are the extraocular structures and what do they do?

Back 6

the eyelids, conjunctivae, and the lacrimal apparatus protect and lubricate the eyes.

Front 7

the guardians of the eye?

Back 7

palpebrae or eyelids, conjunctiva

Front 8

loose folds of skin covering the front of the eye (by blinking, they provide a defensive barrier to foreign invaders, regulate the entrance of light, and circulate tears over the eye by blinking. The lid margins contains hair follicles, which in turn contain eyelashes (cilia) and sebaceous glands.)

Back 8

palpebrae or eyelids

Front 9

transparent mucous membranes that protect the eye from foreign bodies. (A small, fleshy elevation called the caruncle sits at the nasal aspect of the conjunctivae)

Back 9

conjunctivae

Front 10

lubricates and protects the eye with tears produced by lacrimal glands

Back 10

lacrimal apparatus

Front 11

once the eyeball is washed with tears, the tears drain through the ____

Back 11

punctrum

Front 12

a tiny opening at the junction of the upper and lower eyelids

Back 12

punctum

Front 13

from the punctum the tears flow through lacrimal canals into the....

Back 13

lacrimal sac

Front 14

tears finally drain through the ______ ___ and into the _____

Back 14

tears finally drain through the nasolcrimal duct and into the nose

Front 15

the white part of the eyeball composed of fibrous tissue and fine elastic fibers.

Back 15

sclera. it is covered by the conjunctiva and washed by tears from the lacrimal duct

Front 16

light enters through the ______, a smooth transparent portion of the eyeball.

Back 16

cornea

Front 17

has no blood vessels and appears to be a domelike structure.

Back 17

cornea (because it is very sensitive to touch, it is easily damaged)

Front 18

circular-colored disk with the ability to contract is called...

Back 18

the iris.

Front 19

the anterior and posterior chambers of the ____ is filled with a clear, watery fluid called ________

Back 19

iris, aqueous humor

Front 20

drains into the trabecular meshwork in Schlemm's canal

Back 20

aqueous humor

Front 21

a sinus at the junction of he cornea and the iris

Back 21

Schlemm's canal

Front 22

balance of pressure between secretion and removal of fluid

Back 22

intraocular pressure

Front 23

the central opening in the iris and is black in color.

Back 23

pupil

Front 24

controls the amount of light coming into the lens by contracting and expanding.

Back 24

pupil

Front 25

enclosed in an elastic capsule directly behind the iris

Back 25

lens (acts like the lens of a camera, refracting and focusing light onto the retina.)

Front 26

receives visual stimuli and sends these stimuli to the brain

Back 26

retina

Front 27

a well-differentiated, round, yellow to pink disk within the nasal portion of the retina. It allows the optic nerve to enter the retina at the nerve head.

Back 27

optic disk

Front 28

the visual receptors of the retina and allow vision. In the center of the retina are the cones. They responds to bright and intense light, color, and acuity. The rods are concentrated on the outside of the retina and respond to black and white shades and dim light.

Back 28

photoreceptors, called rods and cones

Front 29

on the side of the optic disk is the ______ which is slightly darker than the rest of the retina

Back 29

macula

Front 30

a region in the macula, is the site of clearest vision. The place where the cones are most abundant and no rods are found.

Back 30

fovea centralis

Front 31

the main receiver of vision and color is the _______ _____________ because it contains the heaviest concentration of cones

Back 31

fovea centralis

Front 32

allows the eyes to focus on light rays that are close or far away. The eyeballs are converged (move together) by muscles attached to the eyeball and the bones of the orbi.

Back 32

accomodation.

Front 33

an instrument containing a lighted mirror with a single hole and several lenses (it is used to examine the interior structures of the eye.)

Back 33

ophthalmoscope

Front 34

unequal vision in both eyes

Back 34

anisopia

Front 35

spasms or constant blinking of the eyelid

Back 35

blepharospasm

Front 36

double vision

Back 36

diplopia

Front 37

unilateral or bilateral bulging or protrusion of the eyeballs

Back 37

exophthalmos

Front 38

tiny clumps of vitreous gel appearing to float in the visual field

Back 38

floaters

Front 39

total color blindness

Back 39

monochromatism

Front 40

nearsightedness

Back 40

myopia

Front 41

nyctalopia

Back 41

night blindness

Front 42

drooping of the eyelid

Back 42

ptosis

Front 43

absence of coordinated eye movement leading to misalignment of the eyes

Back 43

strabismus

Front 44

vision testing can be accomplished with either:

Back 44

direct evaluation or with radiological/imaging equipment

Front 45

an examination to determine and correct refractive eye errors

Back 45

refraction

Front 46

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating eye disorders

Back 46

ophthalmologist

Front 47

an ophthalmologist performs a refraction with a.....

Back 47

retinoscope (to shine a light into the patient's eye. The examiner then notes the reflexive movements of the fundus of the eye.)

Front 48

permits the indirect measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP), to pressure within the eyeball (This test is used to detect the presence of abnormally high intraocular pressures which could indicate glaucoma.)

Back 48

tonometry

Front 49

transmits high frequency sound waves through the eye and measures their reflection from ocular structures

Back 49

ocular ultrasonography

Front 50

reveals abnormalities that cannot be seen with a standard x-ray. It is a series of tomograms reconstructed by a computer and displayed as anatomic slices on a screen.

Back 50

orbial computed tomography (CT)

Front 51

a test that examines the orbit, the deep-set cavity housing the eye, lacrimal gland, blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and fat

Back 51

orbital radiography

Front 52

standard chart containing block letter of decreasing size used in eye examinations. It is read by the patient from a prescribed distance.

Back 52

Snellen eye chart

Front 53

determines the extent of the retinal area through which the patient can perceive visual stimuli

Back 53

visual field test

Front 54

common inflammatory condition of the eyelids, lash follicles, and gland of the eyelids (It is characterized by swelling, redness, and crusts of dried mucus on the eyelids.)

Back 54

blapharitis

Front 55

an inflammation of the conjunctiva, sometimes called pinkeye

Back 55

conjunctivitis

Front 56

common infection of the lacrimal sac caused by an obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct or by trauma

Back 56

dacryocystitis

Front 57

an inflammation of the cornea, usually confined to one eye (it may be acute or chronic, superficial or deep)

Back 57

keratitis

Front 58

a gradually developing opacity of the lends or lens capsule of the eye

Back 58

cataract

Front 59

a foreign body often causes ____ ______ a scratch on he surface epithelium of the cornea

Back 59

corneal abrasion

Front 60

atrophy or degeneration of the macular disk. It is a common cause of blindness in adults

Back 60

macular dengeneration

Front 61

a recurring, involuntary eyeball movement that produces blurred vision and difficulty in focusing (The movement may be horizontal, vertical, rotating, or mixed)

Back 61

nystagmus

Front 62

a condition where retinal layers split and create a subretinal space which fills with fluid called subretinal fluid

Back 62

retinal detachment

Front 63

group of disorders characterized by an abnormally high IOP; which can damage the optic nerve.

Back 63

glaucoma (w/o treatment, the person can become blind)

Front 64

results from over production of aqueous humor

Back 64

chronic open angle glaucoma

Front 65

results from obstruction to the outflow of aqueous humor

Back 65

acute angle or closure glaucoma

Front 66

can result from uveitis, trauma, or drugs such as steriods

Back 66

secondary glaucoma

Front 67

genetically transmitted disorder causes the progressive destruction of the retinal rods and leads to eventual blindness

Back 67

retinitis pigmentosa

Front 68

non-inflammatory retinal disorders called ____ _________ result from disruption of the eye's blood supply

Back 68

vascular retinopathies

Front 69

results from prolonged high blood pressure that produces retinal vasospasm and consequently damages and narrows the arteriolar opening

Back 69

hypertensive retinopathy

Front 70

results from complications of diabetes mellitus

Back 70

diabetic retinopathy

Front 71

bactracin and erthromycin

Back 71

are used to treat infections (anti-infectives)

Front 72

dexamethasone

Back 72

used to treat inflammatory conditions of the eye (anti-inflammatory agent)

Front 73

provide moisture for eyes when insufficient tear production is a problem

Back 73

artificial tears

Front 74

an agent that causes constriction of the pupil

Back 74

miotic

Front 75

an agent that dilates the pupil of the eye

Back 75

mydriatic

Front 76

prepare the eye for procedures, such as tonometry, suture removal of the cornea, or removal of foreign bodies

Back 76

opthalmic anesthetics

Front 77

laser surgery is often employed to correct vision problems. lasers generate focused or monochromatic light waves. these waves magnify their power by deflecting light waves off a series of mirrors. the result is a ....

Back 77

finely focused, high-energy beam

Front 78

procedure where the entire lens is removed, most often with a cryoprobe. (a cryophobe freezes and adheres to the lens, making the lens easier to remove.)

Back 78

intracapsular cataract extraction

Front 79

procedure in which the surgeon removes the patient's anterior capsule, cortex, and nucleus, leaving the posterior capsule intact. (This technique uses irrigation and aspiration.)

Back 79

extracapsular cataract extraction

Front 80

reduces the IOP by improving the drainage of aqueous humor. (The procedure makes a hole in the iris, creating an opening through which the aqueous humor can flow to bypass the pupil.)

Back 80

iridectomy

Front 81

a treatment for myopia (near-sightedness) that involves the creation of small radial incisions in the cornea. (These incisions flatten the cornea and help properly focus light on the retina.)

Back 81

radial keratotomy

Front 82

excision of part of the sclera

Back 82

sclerectomy

Front 83

a surgical procedure that removes part of the trabecular meshwork, allowing aqueous humor to by-pass blocked channels

Back 83

trabeculectomy

Front 84

surgical repair of part of the sclera

Back 84

scleral buckling

Front 85

a microsurgical procedure that removes part or all of the vitreous humor, the transparent gelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the lens

Back 85

vitrectomy

Front 86

a procedure that uses healthy corneal tissue from a human donor to replace a damaged portion of the cornea.

Back 86

corneal transplant

Front 87

excision and replacement of the entire cornea

Back 87

full thickness penetrating keratoplasty

Front 88

removal and replacement of superficial layers of corneal tissue

Back 88

lamellar keratoplasty