Mskap 16 General Im 01

Front 1

Tests with the lowest likelihood of affecting diagnosis or management of syncope (4)

Back 1

CT head, doppler US, EEG, cardiac enzyme

Front 2

highest contraceptive efficacy (typical failure rate <1%) with the lowest cost

Back 2

IUD

Front 3

NOTE: Initiate treatment for dysmenorrhea without further evaluation,

Back 3

unless pelvic pathology is suspected.

Front 4

Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis

Back 4

ral antihistamines, topical antihistamines, and artificial tears; antibiotic treatment is not indicated.

Front 5

when should imaging be considered in the diagnosis of sinusitis

Back 5

immunocompromised patients at risk for unusual organisms, such as fungal or pseudomonal sinusitis

Front 6

NOTE: In patients with dental infections without cellulitis or systemic symptoms, antibiotic therapy is

Back 6

not necessary if dental intervention can be performed within several days.

Front 7

when is blood transfusion indicated

Back 7

symptomatic anemia, preop Hb <6, postop Hb <7; significant cardiovascular disease and Hb bet 6-10

Front 8

refers to the degree to which the investigators' conclusions (usually implying cause and effect) are supported by the study

Back 8

Internal validity

Front 9

refers to the generalizability of the study

Back 9

External validity

Front 10

the probability of detecting a difference between two groups when a true difference exists

Back 10

Power

Front 11

error is not random, but is applied differentially to one group

Back 11

bias

Front 12

bias that occurs when patients chosen for a study group have characteristics that can affect the results of the study

Back 12

selection bias

Front 13

a third factor that influences both exposure (treatment) and outcome

Back 13

confounder

Front 14

Two types of observational studies

Back 14

cohort studies and case-control studies

Front 15

study compares the outcomes of groups with and without exposures or treatments not initiated by the investigator

Back 15

cohort study

Front 16

study retrospectively compares the experience of patients who have a disease with those who do not have the disease

Back 16

case-control study

Front 17

patients with disease may be more likely to remember previous exposures

Back 17

recall bias

Front 18

study assesses for both exposure and disease at the same time point (rather than prospectively or retrospectively)

Back 18

cross-sectional study

Front 19

a report of clinical outcomes in a group of patients; the absence of a control group prevents any conclusions about the effectiveness of the treatment

Back 19

case series

Front 20

studies compare outcomes, in aggregate, of two different populations

Back 20

Epidemiologic studies

Front 21

erroneously assuming that population-level associations imply individual-level associations.

Back 21

ecologic fallacy

Front 22

quality sources of evidence (highest to lowest) (5)

Back 22

meta-analysis, qualitative systematic reviews, RCTs, cohort studies, case-control studies

Front 23

summarize existing experimental or observational studies in a rigorous way

Back 23

systematic reviews

Front 24

Systematic reviews that quantitatively combine data

Back 24

meta-analyses

Front 25

research intended to produce evidence that can help patients, physicians, and policy makers better understand the effectiveness, benefits, and harms of treatments or procedures.

Back 25

Comparative effectiveness research (CER)

Front 26

NOTE: PPV increases with increasing prevalence of disease;

Back 26

NPV increases with decreasing prevalence of disease.

Front 27

relative comparisons in statistics

Back 27

relative risk, odds ratio, and hazard ratio

Front 28

reciprocal of the ARR

Back 28

NNT

Front 29

reciprocal of the absolute risk increase

Back 29

number needed to harm (NNH)

Front 30

an indicator of the ability of a test to detect a disease if it is present

Back 30

sensitivity

Front 31

reflects how effectively a test can exclude illness in a patient without the disease

Back 31

specificity

Front 32

ratio of the probability of a particular test result (positive or negative) among patients with a disease to the probability of that same result among patients without the disease

Back 32

likelihood ratio