Msk Week 1

Front 1

What are the three types of joints?

Back 1

1. Fibrous
2. Cartilageinous
3. Synovial

Front 2

Describe fibrous joints.

Back 2

The articulating bones are joined by a sheet of dense connective tissue, limiting movement at the joint. There is no joint cavity. Examples are the joint between the radius and the ulna, and the sutures of the skull.

Front 3

Describe cartilaginous joints.

Back 3

They are found in the mid-sagittal plane in adults and at the ends of growing long bones in kids. Articulating bones are joined by articular/hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. There is no joint cavity, and movement is limited. Examples are the intervertebral discs, the xiphisternal junction, the ends of long bones at the growth plates in kids, and the pubic symphisis.

Front 4

Describe synovial joints.

Back 4

They are the most common type of joint, and they share five features:
1. There is a joint space, allowing a high degree of movement.
2. Weight-bearing surfaces are covered by articular/hyaline cartilage, which cushions the articular surfaces.
3. The bones are held together in the joint by a capsule of dense connective tissue, which contains many somatosensory pain and proprioceptive fibers.
4. A synovial membrane lines the capsule and all non-weight-bearing surfaces.
5. The joint space is filled with synovial fluid which lubricates the joint surfaces.

Front 5

What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and lateral collateral ligament?

Back 5

Stabilize and reinforce the knee.

Front 6

What are the ventral rami involved in the brachial plexus and the lumbosacral plexus?

Back 6

Brachial: C5-T1
Lumbosacral: L2-S3

Front 7

What are the nerve components of all named motor nerves?

Back 7

Somatosensory
Somatomotor
Symp/post

Front 8

What is a satellite cell?

Back 8

A reserve, immature myoblast that can be used for muscle regeneration later.

Front 9

What is Erb-Duchenne Palsy?

Back 9

An injury of the upper brachial plexus involving tearing or stretching of C5, C6 ventral rami or upper trunk. This often occurs during delivery if the head is pulled and the shoulder is caught in the birth canal. It can also be caused by falling from a height and stretching the interval between the head and shoulder. It presents with wrist flexion, and adduction and medial rotation of the arm. (Waiter's tip deformity)

Suprascapular and axillary nerves are completely damaged. Musculocutaneous and radial nerve are partially affected.

Front 10

What is Klumpke's Palsy?

Back 10

An injury of the lower brachial plexus involving tearing or stretching of C8, T1 ventral rami or lower trunk. This may occur with strong forces causing excessive stretching of the upper limb relative to the trunk, such as trying to deliver a baby by pulling the arm. It presents similarly to ulnar nerve deficit. There will be reduced function of the hand, and digital extension will be asymmetric (claw hand).

Front 11

What are the progressive stages of anesthesia as dose increases?

Back 11

1. Sympathetic blockade and vasodilation
2. Loss of pain and temperature sensation
3. Loss of touch and deep pressure sensation
4. Loss of motor function

Front 12

What are the major differences between ester and amide anesthetics?

Back 12

Ester: metabolized by pseudocholinesterase (more rapid), cause more allergic reaction

Amide: metabolized in liver

Front 13

What do potency and duration of action of anesthetics depend on?

Back 13

Potency: lipid solubility
Duration: protein binding

Front 14

How are vasoconstrictors used in anesthesia?

Back 14

They are used to keep the local anesthetic in the injected location and decrease systemic absorption. Epinephrine is commonly used for this.

Front 15

What are some signs of anesthetic toxicity?

Back 15

CNS: paresthesias, tinnitus, sleepiness, dizziness, tremor, convulsions
Cardiac: hypotension, arrhythmias, heart block, cardiac depression (bupivacaine most cardiotoxic)

Front 16

What are four contraindications for local anesthetic use?

Back 16

1. Hypersensitivity
2. Coagulation deficiency
3. Neurologic disorder
4. Local inflammation/infection

Front 17

What local anesthetic is used most frequently for obstetric epidurals? What is its major toxicity risk?

Back 17

Bupivacaine

Cardiotoxicity

Front 18

What is a commonly used topical anesthetic? What is a risk with use of this?

Back 18

Benzocaine

Methemoglobinemia

Front 19

What is the recent substitute for bupivacaine?

Back 19

Ropivacaine