Msk: Cartilage And Synovium

Front 1

what are the boundaries of the synovial cavity

Back 1

articular cartilages on each bone and synovial membrane

Front 2

what is the name of the ligament that connects the two bones participating in a synovial joint

Back 2

capsular ligament

Front 3

what type of cartilage: costal cartilages

Back 3

hyaline

Front 4

what type of cartilage: respiratory tract

Back 4

hyaline

Front 5

what type of cartilage: articular cartilage

Back 5

hyaline

Front 6

what type of cartilage: epiphyseal plate

Back 6

hyaline

Front 7

what type of cartilage: a lot of the fetal skeleton

Back 7

hyaline

Front 8

in articular cartilage, chondrocytes are ___ in shape in the deep portion and ___ in shape in the peripheral portion

Back 8

spherical deep, flattened and discoid peripherally

Front 9

in articular cartilage, there is/are ___chondrocyte(s) per lacunae in the deep portion and ___ per lacunae in the peripheral portion

Back 9

deep- 2+ chondrocytes,
peripheral- 1 chondrocyte

Front 10

in articular cartilage, the territorial matrix surrounding each chondrocyte stains more deeply than the interterritorial matrix. Why?

Back 10

increased proteoglycans in territorial matrix

Front 11

what two substances are increased in older chondrocytes

Back 11

lipid and glycogen

Front 12

what is hyaline cartilage matrix composed of

Back 12

75% water, collagenous fibrils, proteoglycans (GAGs)

Front 13

what are the 3 types of cartilage found in the human body

Back 13

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

Front 14

what type of cartilage: external ear

Back 14

elastic

Front 15

what type of cartilage: walls of external acoustic meatus and auditory tube

Back 15

elastic

Front 16

what type of cartilage: arytenoid

Back 16

elastic

Front 17

what type of cartilage: epiglottis

Back 17

elastic

Front 18

what type of cartilage: intervertebral discs

Back 18

fibro

Front 19

what type of cartilage: symphyseal joints

Back 19

fibro

Front 20

what type of cartilage: tendons subject to pressure

Back 20

fibro

Front 21

what type of cartilage: certain ligaments

Back 21

fibro

Front 22

what type of cartilage: articular disk

Back 22

fibro

Front 23

does the amount of fibrocartilage increase or decrease with age

Back 23

increase

Front 24

which cartilage: bundles of thick collagenous fibers with unicellular islands of chondrocytes arranged singly, in pairs or in rows

Back 24

fibro

Front 25

what is the pathologic state where superficial zones of articular cartilage become calcified

Back 25

pseudogout (chondrocalcinosis articularis)

Front 26

how does cartilage receive nutrition

Back 26

thru diffusion from perichondral capillaries and by imbibition

Front 27

what is the innervation of cartilage

Back 27

practically no innervation

Front 28

where can be perichondrium be found in articular cartilage

Back 28

at the periphery of its free surface

Front 29

in articular cartilage, which layer forms bone during growth and which forms more cartilage

Back 29

the deepest part of the deep layer becomes calcified and forms bone and the superficial layer forms cartilage

Front 30

when does mitosis of articular cartilage cease

Back 30

when bone growth ceases (this means you can't make up for wear to joints)

Front 31

what is the tidemark in articular cartilage

Back 31

its the junction of calcified and uncalcified cartilage, below it is subchondral bone

Front 32

T/F: the articular cartilage receives blood supply from the bone

Back 32

FALSE

Front 33

how is the orientation of articular cartilage adapted to handle force placed upon it

Back 33

the fibers are arranged in parallel until you get to the top where the fibers are bent significantly and can absorb the load by acting like a spring

Front 34

where does articular cartilage gets its nutrition from

Back 34

diffusion from blood vessels supplying subchondral bone and synovial fluid (note: this is why stasis is so bad for joints)

Front 35

articular cartilage can be regenerated only at the ___ where ___ is and at attachments to ___

Back 35

periphery where perichondrium is and attachments to synovial membrane

Front 36

T/F: all articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage

Back 36

false- the articular cartilage in btwn bones formed by intramembranous ossification is fibrocartilage (e.g. TMJ)

Front 37

what is an articular disc

Back 37

a pad of fibrocartilage btwn articular surfaces of certain synovial joints that acts as a cushion and may assist in maintaining a layer of synovial fluid around articular surfaces (e.g. knee menisci)

Front 38

T/F: the synovial membrane has limited blood supply, lymphatics and nerves

Back 38

FALSE

Front 39

what is the synovial membrane composed of

Back 39

fibrous connective tissue with no epithelium (its derived from mesenchyme)

Front 40

what the two types of synovial cells

Back 40

type A and type B

Front 41

what are some features of type A synovial cells

Back 41

prominent surface ruffling, lysosomes, smooth walled vesicles, receptors for IgG Fc, rich in lysozyme

Front 42

type A synovial cells resemble which other cell type in the body

Back 42

macrophages

Front 43

type B synovial cells resemble which other cell type in the body

Back 43

fibroblasts

Front 44

which synovial cell type is the source for hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins in synovial fluid

Back 44

type B

Front 45

what are the 3 types of synovial membranes

Back 45

fibrous, areolar, adipose

Front 46

where along the capsular ligament and where in the body is fibrous synovial membrane found

Back 46

it rests directly on the capsular ligament, found over intraarticular ligaments and tendons and in areas where synovium is subject to pressure

Front 47

where along the capsular ligament and where in the body is areolar synovial membrane found

Back 47

loosely bound to capsular ligament, found where it must move freely

Front 48

where in the body is adipose synovial membrane found

Back 48

covers intraarticular fat pads

Front 49

what kind of synovial membrane: olecranon fossa

Back 49

adipose

Front 50

what kind of synovial membrane: suprapatellar pouch of the knee joint

Back 50

areolar

Front 51

T/F: synovial cells regularly transition into chondrocytes

Back 51

TRUE

Front 52

T/F: the synovium is not capable of complete repair and regeneration

Back 52

FALSE- it can do so rapidly since it synovial cells can transition into chondrocytes

Front 53

the are the 3 regions of the extracellular matrix in cartilage

Back 53

1- pericellular matrix surrounds the cell
2- territorial matrix surrounds pericellular matrix
3- interterritorial matrix

Front 54

what accounts for the resiliency of cartilage

Back 54

interaction of collagen fibrils with highly charged proteoglycans

Front 55

what types of collagen make up articular cartilage

Back 55

type II forms primary structure, and types XI, IX are support, type VI is found in pericellular matrix (2,6,9,11)

Front 56

what macromolecule is responsible for attracting and pushing away water in cartilage

Back 56

proteoglycans

Front 57

__ links proteoglycans together

Back 57

hyaluronan

Front 58

what does the stucture of proteoglycans look like

Back 58

a bottle brush- central protein core with GAGs coming out

Front 59

what is the interteritorial matrix responsible for

Back 59

the major mechanical properties of cartilage, consist of large diameter collagen fibrils

Front 60

where do the cartilage fibers go from parallel to bent

Back 60

in the transition zone between the radial and gliding zones (also after the territorial region)

Front 61

which type of collagen is associated with cartilage undergoing calcification

Back 61

type X

Front 62

what is the defect in Stickler syndrome

Back 62

defects in type II or type XI collagen, they develop early osteoarthritis

Front 63

what is the largest and most abundant proteoglycan found in cartilage

Back 63

aggrecan

Front 64

what GAGs are associated with aggrecan pre and post golgi

Back 64

pre: chondroitin sulfate and keratan
post: hyaluronan

Front 65

what produces the swelling force of cartilage

Back 65

the repulsive force from negatively charged GAGs combined with free cations and their associated water molecules

Front 66

what type of collagen is only found in interterritorial matrix

Back 66

type VI

Front 67

what 3 things do chondrocytes make and secrete (broadly speaking)

Back 67

new matrix molecules, enzymes that degrade the matrix (MMPS, cathepsin) and inhibitors of those enzymes

Front 68

decreased levels of ___ are found in osteoarthritis

Back 68

MMP inhibitors

Front 69

why do superficial cartilage lesions not heal

Back 69

cartilage lacks bld vessels--> no hemorrhage to initiate inflam, no plts to release growth factors and poor migration of chondrocytes

Front 70

what kind of cartilage is the new cartilage in osteochondral repair

Back 70

fibrocartilage, not hyaline (hence not as sturdy and degnerates eventually)

Front 71

what are the 3 funcitons of synovial fluid

Back 71

lubrication, transportation of nutrients to cartilage, removal of waste from carilage

Front 72

___ is a major component of synoival fluid and lubricates the synovial membrane against other tissues

Back 72

hyaluronan

Front 73

the movement of cartilage against cartilage involves ___ lubrication at low velocity movement and ___ lubrication for high velocity movement

Back 73

boundary at low velocities, elastohydrodynamic at high velocities

Front 74

in boundary lubrication, the formation of __ decreases friction and wetting processes. This is due __, __, __ molecules

Back 74

hydrophobic layer, lubrican, phospholipids and proteolipids (like Teflon)

Front 75

hydrodynamic lubrication occurs when a ___ is formed btwn 2 moving surfaces

Back 75

fluid film (like your car hydroplaning)

Front 76

what is the relationship btwn synovial fluid and blood plasma

Back 76

its an ultrafiltrate of plasma

Front 77

differences in content of synovial fluid versus blood plasma

Back 77

synovial fluid has a lower protein content, higher percentage of albumin, and a lower alpha2 globulin

Front 78

blood in joint fluid does not coagulate well, however if a clot does form, how is it removed

Back 78

articular cartilage and synovium release plasminogen which converts to plasmin and breaks down fibrinogen thus preventing formation of a firm clot, also the synovial fluid washes out whatever clot does form

Front 79

how are substances removed from the synovium

Back 79

small molecules are removed via lymphatics (but higher molecular weight molecules remain forever), particulate matter is absorbed thru the synovila mem

Front 80

what are the gross changes in synovial fluid that occur due to disease

Back 80

increase in fluid volume, color change from clear or pale yellow to yellow or white, increase in opacity, decrease in viscosity (degree of change depends on whether there is infection or inflammation)

Front 81

what connects proteglycans to collagen fibers

Back 81

link proteins