Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
isostasy
|
a state of equal pressures acting on all sides of an object
|
|
|
isostatic forces were first described by who?
|
Archimedes in his "Eureka" discovery.
|
|
|
Archimedes Principle
|
an object floating in water displaces a mass and volume of water equal to the floating object's mass
|
|
|
elements
|
building blocks of minerals
|
|
|
8 most common elements (98.5 % of earth)
|
oxygen
silicon aluminum iron calcium sodium potassium magnesium |
|
|
physical characteristics
|
color, hardness, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, crystal, specific gravity, effervescence, special properties
|
|
|
effervescence
|
some minerals fizz in dilute hydrochloric acid b/c of the presence of carbonate in the mineral.
|
|
|
cleavage plane
|
smooth surface that results after the mineral is broken, due to breakage along pre-existing lines of weakness.
|
|
|
fracture
|
irregular breakage (rounded (conchoidal), jagged, crumbly)
|
|
|
streak
|
color of the mineral's powder when scratched across porcelain plane
|
|
|
hardness
|
uses the Mohs Hardness Scale
|
|
|
amphibole
|
major mineral in oceanic crust (minor in continental crust)
(Black-dark green) Streak-dark grey to black |
|
|
pyroxene
|
major mineral in oceanic crust
black-dark green dark green to black |
|
|
biotite mica
|
mineral found in continental crust and metamorphic rocks
black-brown streak: green |
|
|
Muscovite Mica
|
mineral found in continental crust and metamorphic rocks
color: white to gold streak: none |
|
|
plagioclase feldspar
|
major mineral in oceanic crust
Color: gray, black |
|
|
Quartz
|
major mineral in continental crust
conchoidal fracture many colors |
|
|
olivine
|
major mineral in oceanic crust and mantle
|
|
|
orthoclase feldspar
|
major mineral in continental crust
color: pink, white Hardness: 6 No effervescence |
|
|
temps at which igneous rocks form?
|
between 1200-600 degrees C.
|
|
|
minerals with a higher crystallization temp cool first, followed by lower temperature minerals
|
true
|
|
|
6 primary minerals that constitute over 95% of the volume of all common igneous rocks...
|
Quartz, orthoclase feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine
|
|
|
the crystallization sequence of minerals during magma cooling is from high temp to low temp....
|
olivine, Ca-plagioclase, pyroxene, amphibole, Na-plagioclase, orthoclase, muscovite, and quartz
|
|
|
How are igneous rock identified?
|
composition and texture
|
|
|
Aphanitic (extrusive, igneous, texture)
|
individual crystals only visible with aid of microscope
|
|
|
fragmental (extrusive, igneous, texture)
|
volcanically ejected material consisting of broken angular fragments
|
|
|
Vesicular (fragmental, extrusive, igneous, texture)
|
gases present in the magma are released during cooling, leaving vesicles or holes (looks like a sponge)
|
|
|
Tuffaceous (fragmental, extrusive, igneous, texture)
|
fragments of tuff (solidified volcanic ash particles)
|
|
|
Breccia (fragmental, extrusive, igneous, texture)
|
angular volcanic fragments greater than 4 mm in diameter
|
|
|
glassy (igneous texture)
|
no crystals at all. result of instantaneous cooling (rapid contact with water)
|
|
|
classifications of BASALT
|
Extrusive
Aphanitic mafic |
|
|
classifications of GRANITE
|
Intrusive
Phaneritic Felsic |
|
|
classifications of PERIDOTITE
|
Intrusive
Phaneritic Ultramafic |
|
|
clay
|
sediments with a grain size less than 1/256 mm in diameter
|
|
|
silt
|
sediments with a grain size range from 1/256 to 1/16 mm
|
|
|
sand
|
sediments with a grain size range from 1/16 to 2 mm
|
|
|
gravel
|
sediments with a grain size greater than 2 mm
|
|
|
parent rocks
|
pre-existing rock material
|
|
|
foliated texture (metamorphic)
|
alignment of materials. minerals in rocks under pressure tend to develop a planar or sheet-like orientation
|
|
|
non-foliated texture (metamorphic)
|
metamorphic rocks that lack a planar fabric that are composed of equal-sized grains with no particular orienation
|
|
|
backshore zone
|
are above high tide line, flooded only during storms or very high tides
|
|
|
beach face
|
expanse of the beach bound by the high tide mark and low tide mark
|
|
|
berm
|
small, raised, flat-topped ridge or terrace where the backshore and foreshore meet. fored from accumulation of sediment transported by storm waves
|
|
|
breaker zone
|
where the waves first begin to break and spill
|
|
|
foreshore zone
|
are btween the low and high tide levels.
|
|
|
offshore zone
|
extends seaward from the low tide level.
|
|
|
surf zone
|
area within the foreshore zone where spilling or breaking waves surge forward toward the beach face
|
|
|
swash zone
|
region within the foreshore area where waves swash and backwash back and forth between high and low tide mark
|
