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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Will a high or low blood:gas partition coefficient causes higher blood solubility?
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A low coefficient = higher blood solubility
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What type of anesthetic is unique in that it causes pulmonary irritation and bronchospasm?
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Desflurane
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Combining anesthetics with what leads to malignant hyperthermia?
What is the cause of this? |
Neuromuscular blockers (succinylcholine)
Increased calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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What anesthetic is unique in that it causes a "dissociative anesthesia", in which the patient has sensory and perceptual illusions & vivid dreams during recovery?
Is it a cardiovascular stimulant? |
Ketamine
Yes |
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Hepatitis after general anesthesia has been linked to the use of?
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Halothane
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What is the drug of choice for the treatment of malignant hyperthermia induced by anesthetic administration?
How does it work? |
Dantrolene
Prevents the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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What is the main cause of amenorrhea?
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Chronically low levels of estrogen
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What are the 2 hormones that are elevated in 17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency?
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Corticosterone (a glucocorticoid)
Deoxycorticosterone (a mineralocorticoid) |
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What is the single best treatment for a patient with a 17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency?
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Glucocorticoid replacement
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What is the only cancer in which the incidence seems not to be decreasing?
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Breast cancer in women
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What is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S.?
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Colorectal cancer
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What are the top three causes of new cases of cancer for both men and women?
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Male: Prostate > Lung > Colon
Female: Breast > Lung > Colon |
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What are the top 3 most common causes of cancer related deaths in both men and women?
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Male: Lung > Prostate > Colon,
Females: Lung > Breast > Colon |
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What is the genetic defect in a patient who has bronze diabetes?
What is the inheritance pattern of this dz? |
Mutation of HFE gene -> hemochromatosis
Autosomal Recessive |
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If a very tall 20 y.o. female patient presents with HTN, alkalosis, and Tanner stage 1 breasts and hair development, what is the mostly likely problem?
What two hormones would you check for that are elevated? |
17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency
Corticosterone & Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) |
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If a 22 y.o. females presents with never having had menses and anosmia, what is the diagnosis?
What are her hormone levels like? |
Isolated gonadotropin deficiency
FSH, LH, and Estrogen are all LOW |
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If a 22 y.o. female patient presents with normal stage 4 breasts, no pubic hair, and absent menses, what is the most likely diagnosis?
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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
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What is the diagnostic lab finding for a patient in climacteric?
What is the diagnostic lab finding for a patient in full blown menopause? |
Elevated plasma FSH, with normal Estrogen & LH
Elevated plasma FSH, with decreased Estrogen & increased LH |
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What is the cause of the mild hirsutism seen in menopausal women?
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The increased androgen to estrogen ratio
Although both are decreased, estrogen falls more |
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What is the cause of hot flashes in women with menopause?
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Increased NE levels -> cause an upward reset of the hypothalamic thermastat
Excess NE also causes tachycardia, anxiety, and insomnia |
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What is the cause of the accelerated phase of bone loss seen in women with menopause?
What is the cause of the continuous phase of bone loss seen in women with menopause? |
Estrogen deficiency b/c of decreased ovarian fxn
Increased PTH b/c of decreased Ca reabsorption |
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What are the effects of low 17 Beta estradiol on RANKL and OPG?
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Low estradiol = increased RANKL & decreased OPG
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How does multiple myeloma cause osteolytic bone lesions?
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It increases the expression of RANKL on osteoblasts
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If the LH/FSH ratio is > 3 what is the diagnosis?
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Polycystic ovarian syndrome
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If a 35 year old women presents with vasomotor instability (hot flashes) and vaginal dryness, what is the most likely diagnosis?
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Premature ovarian failure
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If a women presents with amenorrhea and after medroxyprogesterone trial they have bleeding, what is the most likely diagnosis?
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PCOS
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If a women presents with amenorrhea and after medroxyprogesterone trial they have no bleeding and plasma gonadotropin levels are elevated, then what is the diagnosis?
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Ovarian fialure
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If a women presents with amenorrhea and after medroxyprogesterone trial they have no bleeding but then after being put on oral contraceptives have bleeding then what is the diagnosis?
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Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea with low estrogen = female athlete
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