Ms Rouse Ap2 Chp 18 Endocrine System

Front 1

What systems work together to maintain homeostasis?

Back 1

Endocrine and Nervous

Front 2

What system releases hormones into the blood stream to travel throughout the body to affect specific TARGET CELLS.

Back 2

Endocrine

Front 3

What system may take minutes to hour to act by the effects last longer?

Back 3

Endocrine system

Front 4

What system releases neurotransmitters which excite or inhibit nerve, muscle, and glands?

Back 4

Nervous system

Front 5

What system is able to act in milliseconds and the effects only last for a short while?

Back 5

Nervous system

Front 6

What are the major glands of the Endocrine system?

Back 6

1-pineal gland
2-parathyroid glans
3-adrenal glands
4-pancreas
5-hypothalamus
6-pituitary gland
7-thyroid gland
8-thymus gland
9-overies
10-testes

Front 7

The general function of hormones include helping to regulate the following.....

Back 7

1-extracellular fluid
2-metabolism
3-biological clock (sleep cycle)
4-contraction of cardiac & smooth muscle
5-glandular secretions
6-some immune functions
AND they also function in growth, development & reproduction

Front 8

What glands secrete products INTO DUCTS (exit thru) which empty into the body cavities or body surface? They also release sweat , oil, mucus, and digestive glands.

Back 8

Exocrine glands

Front 9

What glands secrete products INTO THE BLOODSTREAM to affect TARGET ORGANS?

Back 9

Endocrine glands

Front 10

Endocrine glands can be made of ___ cell or a ____ of cells acting as a gland.

Back 10

one
group

Front 11

The ______ is both and endocrine gland (releases insuline) and an exocrine gland (releases pancreatic ______)--- (breaks down startch)

Back 11

Pancreas
amylase

Front 12

What affects Target cells with specific membrane receptors or nuclear receptors?

Back 12

Hormones

Front 13

Hormones and hormone receptors are constantly being ________ and_______.

Back 13

Synthesized and broken down

Front 14

Generally, a target cell has how many receptors for a particular hormone?

Back 14

2000 to 100,000

Front 15

What is the effect called when excess (too much) hormone produces a DECREASE in the number of receptors which DECREASES the SENSITIVITY of the TARGET CELL to the HORMONE? ex. Diabetes type 2-increases insulin released. (Its not efficiently using the hormone that is being released)

Back 15

Down-regulation of hormone receptors
(DDD)

Front 16

What affect occurs due to a DEFICIENCY of HORMONES and PRODUCES an INCREASE in the # of RECEPTORS which causes the target tissue to become more sensitive to the hormone?

Back 16

Up-regulationof hormone receptors

Front 17

________ hormones act on target cells and TRAVEL in the blood.

Back 17

Circulating hormones

Front 18

_______ hormones DO NOT TRAVEL in the blood.

Back 18

Local hormones

Front 19

What local hormone acts on NEIGHBORING CELLS?

Back 19

Paracrines

Front 20

What local hormone acts on the SAME CELL that SECRETED THEM?

Back 20

Autocrines

Front 21

What are the 2 general classes of hormones?

Back 21

steroid
non-steroid

Front 22

What kind of hormones diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane and bond to a receptor in the nucleus which turns on/off specific genes?
New mRNA is formed and directs synthesis of new protiens. New protien alters the cell's. (ex. estrogen & testosterone-will cause you to make protiens)

Back 22

steroid hormones
(lipid soluble)

Front 23

What hormones have to combine to surface receptors to start their action. The receptor acts as a first messanger. The receptor activates a G-PROTIEN (named by Alfred G. Gillman) in the membrane? ex. insuline

Back 23

Non-steroid (PROTIEN water soluble) hormones

Front 24

Hormones are regulated by signals from the _________ system, chemical changes in the blood, or by other hormones.

Back 24

Nervous system

Front 25

__________ control (most common) occurs as a substance is produced and it negatively influences its own production which brings the BODY BACK TO NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL LIMITS.

Back 25

Negative feedback control

Front 26

The following is an example of _______ ______ control:
The body detects a decrease in the blood levels of T3 and T4 by receptors in the HYPOTHALAMUS and THYROID. The ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND releases more TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) and more T3 and T4 (synthroid hormones) is made. The blood levels increase and this inhibits (stops) its own production.

Back 26

Negative feedback control

Front 27

_________ control occurs as a substance is produced and it positively influences more of the hormone to be produced which tends to DRIVE the BODY AWAY from NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY LIMITS.

Back 27

Positive feedback control

Front 28

The following is an example of _______ ______ control:
Stretching of the uterus causes OXYTOCIN to be RELEASED. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions. Uterine contractions stimulate more oxytocin release.

Back 28

Positive feedback control

Front 29

What enhances uterine contractions during labor; stimulates milk ejection?

Back 29

Oxytocin

Front 30

____________ "The Master Gland" (hypophysis) also called the Neurohypophysis (Posterior pituitary gland)

Back 30

Pituitary Gland

Front 31

The ____ lobe produces and releases "stimulating" or "inhibiting" hormones.

Back 31

anterior lobe
(adenohypophysis)

Front 32

The ______ lobe hormones are made in the HYPOTHALAMUS and RELEASED from the POSTERIOR LOBE.

Back 32

Posterior lobe

Front 33

Both the ______ and the _____ glands are master endocrine glands since their hormones control other endocrine glands.

Back 33

hypothalamus and pituitary glands

Front 34

The ______ gland is attached to the hypothalamus.

Back 34

pituitary gland

Front 35

The ______ resceives input from the cortex (outside of brain), thalamus, limbic system, and internal organs.

Back 35

hypothalamus

Front 36

The hypothalamus CONTROLS the ________ gland with 9 DIFFERENT RELEASING and INHIBITING HORMONES.

Back 36

pituitary gland

Front 37

The putuitarty gland is a pea shaped. 1/2" gland found in the __________ of the sphenoid bone. (directly behind the epthmoid bone)

Back 37

sella turcia
(in the hypophyseal fossa)

Front 38

The _______ (stalk) attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

Back 38

infundibulum

Front 39

The anterior lobe (adenhypophysis) makes up about 75% of the pituitary gland and these cells secrete hormones _______ ___ ___ ________.

Back 39

Directly into the blood stream

Front 40

The posterior lobe of the is about 25% of the pituitary gland. The hormone in the posterior pituitary are made in the _________ and only _____ and ______ from the pituitary.

Back 40

hypothalamus
stored
released

Front 41

The anterior pituitary secretes _________ which increases growth.

Back 41

Human Growth Hormone (GH)

Front 42

GH is produced by ________ which are _____ of the anterior pituitary gland.

Back 42

somatotrophs
(body/feed)
cells

Front 43

GH _____ the synthesis of INSULINE (cells grow) like GROWTH FACTORS in TARGET CELLS.

Back 43

increases

Front 44

These are known as common ______ ____:
liver, skeletal muscle, cartilage, and bone.

Back 44

target cells

Front 45

GH increases cell _____and cell ____ by increasing their uptake of amino acids and synthesis of protiens.

Back 45

growth
division

Front 46

What is the human growth disorder that is due to hyposecretion during CHILDHOOD (proportional, childlike body)

Back 46

Dwarfism

Front 47

What is the human growth disorder that is caused by hypersecretion during CHILDHOOD when the growth plates are still active will cause a VERY TALL person with normal propotions.

Back 47

Giantism

Front 48

What is the human growth disorder caused by hypersecretion as an ADULT which causes GROWTH of the hands, feet, facial features, and thickening of the skin. The BONE LENGTH CANNOT INCREASE because growth plate is closed.

Back 48

Acromegaly

Front 49

______causes milk production in females.

Back 49

Prolactin (PRL)

Front 50

What peptide hormone causes milk production (make milk) in females?

Back 50

Prolactin (PRL)

Front 51

What occurs during breast feeding?

Back 51

Baby= increase PRL
Increase PRL=increase in milk production
Nursing is stopped= milk production reduced

Front 52

What peptide hormone controls the secretions of the thyroid gland?

Back 52

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Front 53

What is released by the TSH?

Back 53

T3 & T4 cells

Front 54

What peptide hormone controls secretions of the adrenal cortex (outer layer of the adrenal gland)?

Back 54

Adrenocartictropic hormone (ACTH)
(adrenal/outside/grow)

Front 55

What peptide hormone controls production of egg and sperm(male)?

Back 55

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)= Cell

Front 56

What peptide hormone controls secretion of estrogen and progestrogen in the female and testoserone in the males?

Back 56

Luteinizing hormone
(LH)=liquid

Front 57

What does the posterior pituitary secrete?

Back 57

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin (OT)

Front 58

What is a substance in the posterior pituitary which decreases urine production, is known as a vasopressin and it can decrease sweating and increase BP because it causes overall increase in blood volume?

Back 58

Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)=no peeing

Front 59

When a person is dehydrated antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is ______.

Back 59

released

Front 60

When a person is over hydrated antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is ______.

Back 60

inhibited

Front 61

ADH releases is inhibited (pee a lot) by _______ leading to increased urination and dehydration.

Back 61

alcohol

Front 62

What is a condition in which ADH is low and a person may excrete 20-30 liters per day?

Back 62

Diabetes Insipidus
=thirsty
normal excretion 2-3liters per day

Front 63

What is released in the posterior pituitary that causes contractions of the smooth muscles of the uterus during child birth?

Back 63

Oxytocin (let down or release)
nipple stimulation
love,sex, touch
releases the milk produced by breastfeeding

Front 64

What happens during child birth?

Back 64

*Oxytocin is released
*contractions of smooth muscles of uterus
*babys head=stretches *cervix=more hormone releases
*hormone release=enhances uterine muscle contraction
*muscle contractions=allows bay and placenta to be delivered.
*after delivery=suckling and hearing the babys cry =stimulates milk ejection. (let down/release)

Front 65

Breast feeding is an example of ______ feedback.

Back 65

Positive

Front 66

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Back 66

under the larynx with one lobe on either side of the trachea

Front 67

The thyroid gland weighs 1oz and has a rich _____ supply.

Back 67

blood

Front 68

What is released by the thyroid gland?

Back 68

T3 (triiodothyronine) T4 (thryroxine)

Front 69

What is necessary to make T3 & T4?

Back 69

iodine

Front 70

What hormones are responsible for our metabolic rate, synthesis of protien, breakdown of fats, uses of glucose for ATP production?

Back 70

T3 & T4

Front 71

What stimulates the gland to produce T3 & T4 when the levels are low?

Back 71

TSH

Front 72

Circulating ____ & ____ inhibits its own production.
This is an example of negative feedback.

Back 72

T3 & T4

Front 73

What is secreted by the thyroid that is responsible for building bone and stops reabsorption of bone? (lowers blood levels of calcium)

Back 73

Calcitonin
decrease blood calcium
increase osteoblast

Front 74

What disorder of the thyroid gland causes autoantibodies to bind to TSH receptors and overstimulate the
gland? (hyperthyroidism)

Back 74

Graves disease

Front 75

What disorder of the thyroid gland causes a high metabolic rate, sensitivity to light, restlessness, hyperactivity, weight loss, protruding eyes? (thryroid stops working)

Back 75

Hyperthyroidism

Front 76

What disorder of the thyroid gland in infant causes cretinism (mental retardation)?

Back 76

Hypothyroidism
Hypo=below
decreases bone lose

Front 77

What disorder of the thyroid gland in Adult causes myxedema, low metabolic rate, sluggishness?

Back 77

Hypothyroidism
puffy face

Front 78

What disorder of the thyroid gland causes a deficiency of thyroid hormones due to iodine deficiency?

Back 78

Simple goiter

Front 79

What glands consist of 4 pea-sized glands found on back of the thyroid gland?

Back 79

Parathyroid glands

Front 80

Parathyroid hormones raise ______ _____ levels.

Back 80

blood calcium

Front 81

When PTH raises blood calcium levels it increases the activity of _______ and increases reabsorption of calcium(kidney stones form) by the _______. PTH promotes formation of calcitriol (Vit D3) by kidney which increases absorption of ________ and magnesium by the intestinal tract.

Back 81

osteoclasts (bone/eat ur bones)
kidney
calcium

Front 82

Tumor (over growth of the cell) of the __________ increases the PTH and causes bone reabsorption leading to bone fractures and high blood calcium levels. This has the opposite action of calcitonin.

Back 82

Parathyroid
increase blood calcium
increase osteoclast

Front 83

Where are the Adrenal glands located?

Back 83

the top of each kidney

Front 84

What is the center of the Adrenal glands?

Back 84

Adrenal medulla

Front 85

What is the outer part of the Adrenal glands?

Back 85

Adrenal cortex

Front 86

What does the Adrenal medulla secrete?

Back 86

Epinephrine & norepinephrine
both have similar functions
(catecholamines)

Front 87

What is the affect of epinephrine and norepinephrine when secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Back 87

*increased heart rate
*increased blood pressure
*increased breathing rate
*decreased activity in the digestive system

Front 88

What does the adrenal cortex (outside) secrete?

Back 88

Aldosterone, cortisol, and sex hormones

Front 89

What hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex regulates sodium and potassium and reduces urine output (causes fluid retention)?

Back 89

Aldosterone

Front 90

What hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex regulates blood glucose concentration?

Back 90

cortisol

Front 91

What does the stress hormone cortisol cause?

Back 91

Increase in blood glucose levels and insulin production

Front 92

What hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex controls development of reproductive organs?

Back 92

sex hormones

Front 93

Why is the pancreas an exocrine gland?

Back 93

Because it excretes digestive juices (hormones) through a duct

Front 94

Why is the pancreas an endocrine gland?

Back 94

Because it releases insuline directly into the bloodstream

Front 95

The pancreas is located______________ and is _________ to the duodenum(the first section of the small intestine)

Back 95

behind the stomach
attached

Front 96

What disease does a patient have if they have a decrease cortisol and decrease aldosterone with symptoms; tired, bronze skin and sodium and potatssium problems?

Back 96

Addisones disease

Front 97

Low TSH =

Back 97

Hyper

Front 98

High TSH

Back 98

Hypo

Front 99

High glucose=

Back 99

give insuline

Front 100

Low glucose=

Back 100

glycogen or orange juice

Front 101

Normal glucose range=

Back 101

90-110 glucose level

Front 102

What releases digestive juices (hormones) into the duodenum?

Back 102

Pancreas

Front 103

The Pancreas secrete ______ from the ______ cells and _______ from the _____ cells of the islets of ________.

Back 103

glucagon
alpha
insuline
beta
Langerhans

Front 104

Glucose out of the cell=

Back 104

glucagon

Front 105

Glucose into the cell=

Back 105

insuline

Front 106

Alfa=

Back 106

glucagon

Front 107

Beta=

Back 107

insulin

Front 108

______ stimulates the liver to convert glycogen (the storage form of glucose; fat) into glucose and elevates blood glucose.

Back 108

Glucagon
glu> glu-glu-glu=glycogen>glu
glu
glu

Front 109

________ acts on the liver to form glycogen from glucose and allows glucose to pass through cells that have insulin receptors which decrease blood glucose.

Back 109

Insulin

Front 110

What is characterized by a decrease in the production of insulin in the pancreas?

Back 110

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
(IDDM) Type I

Sugar in the blood-sugar hits kidneys-pee alot-loose weight

Front 111

What does a patient have with symptoms of extreme thirst, increase in urine output, and excessive eating?

Back 111

IDDM type I

Front 112

A person with IDDM Type I experiences high levels of glucose in the blood and urine and has extreme ______ (polydipsia) and an increase in ______ output (polyuria), and excessive ____ (polyphagia- because the cells are starving). This condition is treated with _____________. The age of onset can be up to 30yrs.

Back 112

thirst
urine
eating
injections of insulin

Front 113

What is characterized by an abnormal insulin receptor on the surface of body cells?

Back 113

Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Type II
(NIDDM)
Adult on set due to increased eating and decreased excercise

Front 114

What would you check for if the patient had the following symptoms; weight loss, extreme thirst, increased urine out put, and they were 40-60years of age?

Back 114

NIDDM Type II

Front 115

A person with NIDDM Type II usually has enough ______, but the _____ do not respond to the insulin. The patient experiences weight loss and extreme thirst and increased urine out put. The condition is treated by _____. The time of onset is usually 40-60 years of age.

Back 115

insulin
cells
pills (adjust the receptors)

Exercise and diet help the problem

Front 116

What is the small gland attached to the 3rd ventricle of the brain? It is made of pinealocytes and neuroglia.

Back 116

Pineal gland

Front 117

The pineal gland secretes _______ which is responsible for setting the biological clock (sleep cycle).This may be responsible for jet lag and seasonal affective disorder

Back 117

melatonin

Front 118

Melatonin secretion producing _________ occurs during _______ due to lack of stimulation from sypathetic ganglion.

Back 118

sleepiness
darkness

Front 119

What disorder occurs during the winter months when the day length is short and is due to an overproduction of melatonin?

Back 119

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Front 120

How is SAD treated?

Back 120

Therapy with exposure to several hours of artificial light each day which will decrease production of melatonin. Also treats jet lag

Front 121

The thymus plays an important role in the maturation of ________.

Back 121

T-cells

Front 122

What hormone is produced by the thymus gland promotes the proliferation and maturation of T cells?

Back 122

Thmosin

Front 123

What is a stressor?

Back 123

any stimuls that produces a stress response

Front 124

What does stress do for the body?

Back 124

resets the body to meet an emergency

Front 125

What are the three stages of the stress response?

Back 125

1-Alarm reaction
2-Resistance reaction
3-Exhaustion

Front 126

What stage of stress is initiated by the hypothalamic stimulation of the sympathetic portion of the ANS and the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland?

Back 126

Alarm reaction

Front 127

In a stress response what is it called when there is an increase in the blood pressure and nonessential body functions are inhibited?

Back 127

Alarm reaction

Front 128

What stage of the stress response is initiated by the hypothalamic releasing hormones (long-term reaction to stress)?

Back 128

Resistance reaction

Front 129

What stress reaction results in being uptight which causes an increased secretion of aldosterone which conserves sodium and increases the release of cortisol to increase blood glucose. It also increases the thyroid hormone to increase metabolism. This allows the body to fight the stressor?

Back 129

Resistance reaction

Front 130

What stage of stress response depletes the body of the resources and resistance stage cannot be maintaned?

Back 130

Exhaustion

Front 131

What does prolonged exposure to resistance reaction hormones cause?

Back 131

wasting of the muscle, suppression of the immune system, ulceration of GI tract and failure of the pancreatic beta cells