Mrs. Walls Science Final

Front 1

Who is Gregor Mendel?

Back 1

An Austrian monk who discovered the modern science of genetics with his pea plants

Hint 1

Pea plants

Front 2

DNA nitrogen bases?

Back 2

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine.

Hint 2

A-T, G-C

Front 3

Parts of DNA?

Back 3

Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, base

Hint 3

3 things

Front 4

RNA nitrogen bases?

Back 4

Adenine, uracil, cytosine, Guanine.

Hint 4

A-U, G-C

Front 5

3 types and functions of RNA

Back 5

Messenger RNA- carries copies of instructions

Ribosomal RNA- builds ribosomes

Transfer RNA- transfers amino acids.

Hint 5

M, r, t

Front 6

Central Dogma of biology?

Back 6

Replication, transcription, translation.

Hint 6

3 steps

Front 7

Transcription?

Back 7

Process of making RNA from DNA. In nucleus. RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the strands.

Front 8

Translation?

Back 8

Using mRNA to build protein molecules. This is done in the cytoplasm

Front 9

Karyotype?

Back 9

Shows all 23 homologous chromosomes

Front 10

Pedigree?

Back 10

A chart showing the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationship between parents, siblings, and offspring

Hint 10

Family tree

Front 11

What are genetic disorders and what causes them?

Back 11

A change in DNA sequence affecting a phenotype. Caused by base changes.

Front 12

What are chromosomal disorders and what causes them?

Back 12

One chromosome gets changed due to error on meiosis.

Front 13

GMO'S- what are they? Good points? Bad points?

Back 13

Genetically modified organisms, they can change to gain a desirable trait, but they may harm your body

Front 14

DNA Fingerprinting?

Back 14

Analyzes sections of DNA that may have little or no function, but that vary widely from one individual to another. It can tell what disorders, if any, you have.

Front 15

Who is Charles Darwin?

Back 15

Developed scientific theory of biological evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through decent from common ancestors.

Front 16

Who is Hutton?

Back 16

Presented hypothesis about how geological processes have shaped earth.

Front 17

Who is Lyell?

Back 17

Argued laws of nature are constant over time. Called uniformitarianism.

Front 18

What did Hutton and Lyell conclude?

Back 18

That earth is extremely old and that processes that have changed Earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present.

Front 19

Who is Lamarck?

Back 19

Suggested that organisms could change during their lifetimes by selectively using or not using varies parts of their bodies. They can pass these aquire traits on to their offspring enabling species to change overtime

Front 20

Who is Malthus?

Back 20

Reasoned that if the human population grew unchecked, there wouldn't be enough living space and food for everyone.

Front 21

What is natural selection?

Back 21

Process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring.

Hint 21

Survival of the fittest.

Front 22

Conditions for natural selection?

Back 22

More individuals are born then can survive;

Natural heritable variation;

Variable fitness among individuals;

All characteristics must be heritable.

Front 23

What are homologous structures?

Back 23

Shared by related species that have been inherited from a common ancestor. Ex: front limbs for reptiles and birds

Front 24

Analogous structures?

Back 24

Body parts that share common function, but not structure. Ex:bird wing v.s. bee wing

Front 25

Vestigial structures?

Back 25

Inherited from ancestors that have lost most or all of their original functions. Ex: hip bone of bottlenose dolphin.

Front 26

Evolution in terms of genetics?

Back 26

Evolution, in genetics, involves a change in frequency of alleles in a population over time.

Front 27

3 types of natural selection?

Back 27

Directional, stabilizing, and disruptive.

Front 28

Directional selection?

Back 28

Individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve. Average size will increase.

Front 29

Stabilizing selection?

Back 29

When individuals near the middle of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end. Fitness of smaller or larger is less than that of average size.

Front 30

Disruptive selection?

Back 30

Individuals at both ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle. Small and large have higher fitness than average.

Front 31

Back 31

Front 32

Back 32

Front 33

What are isolating mechanisms?

Back 33

Characteristics of species that reduce or prevent repeoduction. Leads to new species.

Front 34

Back 34

Must foil

Front 35

DNA replication?

Back 35

Takes place in nucleus. Strands of DNA separate. DNA polymerase attaches new strands

Front 36

3 types of isolation?

Back 36

Behavioral - different mating rituals

Geographic Geographic barriers separate two populations

Temporal - some reproduce during the day, some at night.

Front 37

What is a dichotomous key?

Back 37

A chart used to identify organisms based on phenotypes.

Front 38

Linnaean classification?

Back 38

Classification system that organizes species into taxa

Front 39

Levels of taxa?

Back 39

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

Front 40

What is a cladogram?

Back 40

Diagram of depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species. Shows evolution and common ancestors.

Front 41

3 domains with their matching kingdoms?

Back 41

Bacteria-Eubacteria

Archae- Archaebacteria

Eukarya- protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

Front 42

Characteristics of a virus?

Back 42

Small with a capsid. All have genes. Made of protein, nucleic acid, and lipids. Nonliving

Front 43

Two types of viral infections? Describe?

Back 43

Lytic- virus enters, makes copies of itself, and causes cells to burst.

Lysogenic- viral nucleic acid is inserted into host cells DNA, where it is copied and multiplies.

Front 44

Bacteriophage?

Back 44

Front 45

What type of cell does each domain include?

Back 45

Bacteria- prokaryotic

Archae- prokaryotic

Eukarya- eukaryotic

Front 46

Treatments for bacterial infection?

Back 46

Physical removal, disinfectants, food storage, boiling food, sterilization by heat, antibiotics.

Front 47

Treatments for viral infection?

Back 47

Vaccines, antiviral drugs, personal hygiene.

Front 48

What is a protist?

Back 48

Eukaryotes that aren't members of fungi, plantae, or animalia kingdoms. Mostly unicellular. Extremely diverse.

Front 49

What is a fungi?

Back 49

Heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls containing chitin.

Front 50

Characteristics, domain, and kingdom of mammals?

Back 50

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Animalia. Mammals have mammary glands, are endothermic, hair, and three bones in their ears for balance.