Mr. Lindsay Unit 4 Chapter 29

Front 1

Fertilization

Back 1

When development begins. Fusion of two haploid gametes, each containing 23 chromosomes. Occurs in uterine tube within a day after ovulation. Produces zygote containing 46 chromosomes

Front 2

Ingeritance

Back 2

Transfer of genetically determined characteristics from generation to generation

Front 3

Genetics

Back 3

study of mechanisms responsible for inheritance

Front 4

Acrosomes

Back 4

release enzymes, penetrate corona radiata, zona pellucida, toward oocyte surface

Front 5

Polyspermy

Back 5

fertilization by more than one sperm. Prevented by cortical reaction

Front 6

Cortical reaction

Back 6

releases enzymes that inactivate sperm receptors and harden zona pellucida

Front 7

First trimester

Back 7

period of embryonic and early fetal development, rudiments of all major organ systems appear

Front 8

second trimester

Back 8

development of organs and organ systems, body shape and proportions change

Front 9

third trimester

Back 9

rapid fetal growth; greatest gain in mass. Most major organ systems are fully functional

Front 10

Implantation

Back 10

Initial step to allow exchange of nutrients and waste, occurs seven days after fertilization, blastocyst adheres to uterine lining, makes contact with maternal blood

Front 11

Ectopic pregnancy

Back 11

inplantation occurs outside uterus, ex: uterine tube. Does not produce viable embryo. Can be life threatening

Front 12

Amnion

Back 12

Fluid that cushions

Front 13

Allantois

Back 13

Gives rise to the urinary bladder

Front 14

Chorion

Back 14

primary contributor to the placenta, provides nutrient and waste exchange, production of hormones necessary to sustain last two trimesters

Front 15

Umbilical cord

Back 15

connects fetus and placenta

Front 16

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Back 16

appears in maternal bloodstream soon after implantation. Provides reliable indication of pregnancy

Front 17

Human Placental Lactogen (hPL)

Back 17

prepares mammary glands for mild production. Also has a stimulatory effect on other maternal tissues ensuring glucose and protein are available for the fetus

Front 18

Relaxin

Back 18

increases flexibility of pubic symphysis, causes dilation of cervix

Front 19

Progesterone

Back 19

released by placenta, has inhibitory effect on uterine smooth muscle, prevents extensive, powerful contractions

Front 20

opposition to progesterone

Back 20

Three major factors: rising estrogen levels, rising oxytocin levels, prostaglandin production

Front 21

parturition

Back 21

forcible expulsion of fetus

Front 22

Dilation stage

Back 22

cervix dilates

Front 23

expulsion state

Back 23

The fetus is born, may require an episiotomy

Front 24

placental stage

Back 24

ejection of the placenta (afterbirth)

Front 25

Premature delivery

Back 25

Refers to birth at 28-36 weeks. With care, newborns have a good chance of surviving and developing normally

Front 26

Fraternal twins

Back 26

dizygomatic, develope from two separate oocytes. Genetic makeup is not identical, 70% of twins

Front 27

Identical twins

Back 27

monozygotic twins, originate from one fertilized oocyte, genetic makeup is identical because both formed from same pair of gametes

Front 28

Gene

Back 28

a portion of a DNA strand that codes for a specific protein or trait

Front 29

alleles

Back 29

various forms of given gene; alternate forms determine precise effect of gene on phenotype

Front 30

genotype

Back 30

the specific genes inherited by a person

Front 31

phenotype

Back 31

the physical expression of genotype

Front 32

homologous chromosomes

Back 32

members of each pair of chromosomes; 23 pairs carried in every somatic cell. One member of each pair is contributed by each parent

Front 33

homozygous

Back 33

If both alleles are identical

Front 34

Heterozygous

Back 34

If the two alleles are different

Front 35

Autosomal chromosomes

Back 35

22 pairs of homologous chromosomes. Most affect somatic characteristics. Each chromosome in pair has same structure and carries genes that affect same traits

Front 36

Sex chromosomes

Back 36

23rd pair of chromosomes. Determine whether individual is genetically male or female

Front 37

Strict dominance

Back 37

Dominant- allele will be expressed; masks recessive allele. Recessive- allele expressed in phenotype only is same allele is present on both chromosomes of homologous pair

Front 38

Incomplete dominance

Back 38

heterozygous alleles produce a blended phenotype

Front 39

codominance

Back 39

both alleles are expressed fully

Front 40

sex-linked inheritance

Back 40

traits inherited on the 23rd chromosome pair

Front 41

Punnett square

Back 41

simple box diagram used to predict characteristics of offspring

Front 42

Genetic recombination

Back 42

genetic variation

Front 43

crossing over

Back 43

parts of chromosomes become rearranged during sunapsis (tetrads arms overlap)

Front 44

Chromosomal abnormalities

Back 44

damaged, missing, or extra copied of chromosomes. Few offspring survive to full term.

Front 45

mutation

Back 45

permanent changes in nucleotide sequece of allele. Most are detrimental, a few are advantageous

Front 46

X chromosome

Back 46

considerably lager than Y. Has more genes than does Y and carried more information. Carried by all oocytes

Front 47

Y chromosome

Back 47

includes dominant alleles specifying that the individual will be male. Contains the SRY gene -> testes -> male

Front 48

SRY gene

Front 49

X-linked genes

Back 49

genes that affect somatic structure, carried by X chromosome.

Front 50

Differentiation

Back 50

the formation of the different types of cells required during the process of development

Front 51

development

Back 51

the gradual modification of anatomical structures and physiological charateristics during the period from fertilization to maturity

Front 52

heredity

Back 52

refers to the transfer of genetically determined characteristics from generation to generation

Front 53

placenta

Back 53

a complex organ that permits exchange between maternal and embyonic blood. Supports the fetus from its formation early in the first trimester until just after birth

Front 54

corona radiata

Back 54

must be penetrated by the sperm in order for the oocyte to be fertilized

Front 55

True labor

Back 55

begins when biochemical and mechanical factors reach a point of no return. After nine months of gestation, multiple factors interact to initiate labor

Front 56

False labor

Back 56

Occasional spams in the uterine musculature, but these contraction are not regular or persistent

Front 57

Spontaneous abortion

Back 57

AKA miscarriages, result from developmental problems or hormonal problems

Front 58

Apgar score

Back 58

The assessment performed by clinitians, immediately after birth, to assess the newborns health in five areas: heart rate, breathing, skin color, muscle tone, and reflex response

Front 59

Cesarean section

Back 59

An incision is made through the abdominal wall, and the uterus is opened just enough to allow passage of the infant's head

Front 60

puberty

Back 60

period of sexual maturation. hypothalmus increases its production of GnRH, endocrine cells become more sensitive to GnRH, so circulating levels of FSH and LH increase rapidly, Ovarian or testicular cells become more sensitive to FSH and LH

Front 61

gestation

Back 61

time spent in prenatal development, divided into three trimesters

Front 62

simple inheritence

Back 62

inheritence is determined by the interaction between a sinlge pair of alleles

Front 63

Human Genome project

Back 63

It's goal was to describe the human genome- the full set of genetic material (DNA) in our chromosomes. Complete about a decade ago.