Mr. Lindsay Unit 3 Chapter 6

Front 1

Osseous tissue

Back 1

Supporting connective tissue, it contains specialized cells and a matrix consisting of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance. The matrix of bone tissue is solid and sturdy due to deposits o calcium and salts around the protein fibers.

Front 2

Sutural Bone

Back 2

small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull. There are individual variations in the number, shape, and position of the sutural bones

Front 3

Flat bones

Back 3

Bones with thin, parallel surfaces. Form the roof of the skull, the sternum, the ribs, and the scapulae. They provide protection for underlying soft tissues and offer an extensive surface area for the attachment of skeletal muscles.

Front 4

Long Bones

Back 4

Relatively long and slender bones. They can be located in the arm and forearm, thigh and leg, palms, soles, fingers and toes.

Front 5

Irregular Bones

Back 5

Bones with complex shapes with short, flat, notched or ridged surfaces. The vertebrae that form the spinal column, the bones of the pelvis, and several bones in the skull are examples

Front 6

Short Bones

Back 6

Bones that are boxlike in appearance. Examples include the carpal and tarsal bones

Front 7

Sesamoid Bones

Back 7

Bones that are usually small, round, and flat. They develop inside tendons and are most often encountered near joints at the knee, the hands, and the feet. Patella

Front 8

Process

Back 8

projection or bump

Front 9

Ramus

Back 9

extension of a bone that forms an angle with the rest of the structure

Front 10

sinus

Back 10

chamber within a bone, normally filled with air

Front 11

foramen

Back 11

rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves

Front 12

fissure

Back 12

deep furrow, cleft, or slit

Front 13

meatus

Back 13

passage or channel, especially the opening of a canal

Front 14

canal

Back 14

duct or channel

Front 15

trochanter

Back 15

large, rough projection

Front 16

crest

Back 16

prominent ridge

Front 17

spine

Back 17

pointed process

Front 18

line

Back 18

low ridge

Front 19

tubercle

Back 19

small, rounded projection

Front 20

tuberosity

Back 20

rough projection

Front 21

sulcus

Back 21

narrow groove

Front 22

fossa

Back 22

shallow depression

Front 23

head

Back 23

expanded articular end of epiphysis, often separated from the shaft by a narrower neck

Front 24

Neck

Back 24

narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis

Front 25

facet

Back 25

small, flat articular surface

Front 26

condyle

Back 26

smooth, rounded articular process

Front 27

trochlea

Back 27

smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

Front 28

Epiphysis

Back 28

An expanded area at each end of the diaphysis of a bone

Front 29

Diaphysis

Back 29

An extended tubular shaft of a bone

Front 30

metaphysis

Back 30

Narrow zone which connects the epiphysis and the diaphysis

Front 31

Compact Bone

Back 31

or dense bone is relatively solid. It forms a sturdy protective layer that surrounds a central space called the medullary cavity; better for compression

Front 32

Spongy Bone

Back 32

AKA cancellous or trabecular bone. Consists of an open network of struts and plates that resembles latticework. This kind of bone at each epiphysis is covered by a thin layer of compact bone AKA cortical bone.

Front 33

Hydroxyapatite

Back 33

Crystals formed from interaction of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

Front 34

Osteocytes

Back 34

are mature bone cells that make up most of the cell population. Maintain the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix and take part in the repair of damaged bone

Front 35

Lamellae

Back 35

layers of lacuna and matrix within bone

Front 36

Lacuna

Back 36

a pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix within bone

Front 37

Canaliculi

Back 37

narrow passageways that penetrate the lamellae, radiating through the matrix and connecting tissue with one another and with sources of nutrients, supplied by blood vessels in the central canal; contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes

Front 38

Osteoblasts

Back 38

Immature precursor cell; produce new bone matrix in a process called ossification. Make and release the proteins and other organic components of the matrix

Front 39

Ossification/osteogenesis

Back 39

process of producing new bone matrix

Front 40

osteoid

Back 40

organic bone matrix prior to deposit of calcium salts

Front 41

osteogenic cells

Back 41

mesenchymal cells; these squamous stem cells divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts. Maintain populations of osteoblasts and are important in the repair of a fracture. Found in the inner, cellular layer of the periosteum and the endosteum

Front 42

Osteoclasts

Back 42

are cells that absorb and remove bone matrix to release stored minerals. Large cells with 50 or more nuclei.

Front 43

Osteolysis

Back 43

AKA resorption. Erosion process in which acids and protein-digesting enzymes secreted by osteoclasts dissolve the matrix and release the stored minerals. It is important in the regulation of calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids

Front 44

Osteon

Back 44

Basic functional unit of mature compact bone

Front 45

Central canal

Back 45

Vascular canal (contains one or more blood vessels) where osteocytes are arranged in concentric layers within an osteon

Front 46

Perforating canals

Back 46

extend perpendicular to the surface of bone. Blood vessels in these canals supply blood to osteons deeper in the bone and to tissues in the medullary cavity

Front 47

Endosteum

Back 47

lines medullary cavities and passageways for blood vessels and penetrates the matrix of compact bone, osteogenic cells are found here. This layer is active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling

Front 48

Periosteum

Back 48

membrane with a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer. It isolates the bone from surrounding tissues, provides a route for the blood vessels and nerves and takes part in bone growth and repair

Front 49

Trabeculae

Back 49

A meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers formed by the matrix of spongy bone. They branch creating an open network

Front 50

Perforating fibers

Back 50

collagen fibers incorporated into bone tissue from tendons and ligaments, as well as superficial periosteum

Front 51

calcification

Back 51

the deposition of calcium salts. Takes place during ossification, but it can also occur in other tissues

Front 52

Endochondral ossification

Back 52

Bone growth within cartilage. Begins with formation of hyaline cartilage. Blood vessels grow around edges of cartilage and then penetrate it. Osteogenic cells turn into osteoblasts. Remodeling occurs as bone growth continues. capillaries and osteoblasts create ossification centers. New cartilage is produced at the same rate as osteoblasts invade cartilage. Growth rate slows and epiphyseal closure appears.

Front 53

Appositional Growth

Back 53

In this process, cells of the inner layer of the periosteum differentiate into osteoblasts and deposit superficial layers of bone matrix. Eventually these osteoblasts become surrounded by matrix and differentiate into osteocytes.

Front 54

Epiphyseal Plate/Epiphyseal cartilage

Back 54

A relatively narrow cartilaginous region which is present during bone growth

Front 55

Epiphyseal line

Back 55

Epiphyseal cartilage gets narrower and narrower until it ultimately disappears. The former location of the epiphyseal cartilage

Front 56

Intramembranous ossification

Back 56

Begins when osteoblast differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue

Front 57

Bone remodeling

Back 57

Process of continuously recycling and renewing the organic and mineral components of the bone matrix; goes on throughout life as part of normal bone maintenance

Front 58

Calcitriol

Back 58

A hormone synthesized in the kidneys and essential for normal calcium and phosphate ion absorption in the digestive tract. Synthesized from a related hormone vitamin D

Front 59

Growth hormone

Back 59

produced by pituitary gland and stimulates protein synthesis and the rates of cell division and cell growth throughout the body

Front 60

Thyroxine

Back 60

From the thyroid gland and stimulates cell metabolism and increases the rate of osteoblast activity

Front 61

Sex hormones

Back 61

Estrogen in females and androgens in males. At puberty they stimulate osteoblasts to produce bone faster than the rate at which epiphyseal cartilage expands. Over time, the epiphyseal cartilages narrow and eventually close

Front 62

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Back 62

two hormones one from the parathyroid gland and the other from the thyroid gland. They are involved in the homeostatic control of calcium and the phosphate levels in body fluids

Front 63

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Back 63

Hormone released by parathyroid glands. Useful in stimulating osteoclast activity, increasing the rate of intestinal absorption of calcium ions, and decreasing the rate of excretion of calcium ions by the kidneys

Front 64

Calcitonin

Back 64

Hormone secreted by parafollicular cells (C cells) in the thyroid gland. Two major functions which decrease calcium ion concentration in the blood by inhibiting osteoclast activity and increasing the rate of excretion of calcium ions by the kidneys

Front 65

Osteopenia

Back 65

Inadequate ossification

Front 66

Osteoporosis

Back 66

condition in when the reduction in bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal function

Front 67

Close fracture

Back 67

AKA simple fractures are completely internal

Front 68

Open fracture

Back 68

AKA compound fractures project through the skin

Front 69

Transverse fractures

Back 69

Fractures that break a bone shaft across its long axis

Front 70

Displaced fractures

Back 70

Fractures produce new and abnormal bone arrangements

Front 71

Nondisplaced Fractures

Back 71

Fractures retain the normal alignment of the bones or fragments

Front 72

Compression fractures

Back 72

Fractures that occur in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses, such as those produced by the forces that arise when you land on your seat in a fall. Often associated with osteoporosis

Front 73

Spiral Fractures

Back 73

Fractures produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone

Front 74

Epiphyseal fractures

Back 74

Tend to occur where the bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying

Front 75

Comminuted fractures

Back 75

Shatter the affected area into a multitude of bony fragments

Front 76

Greensick fracture

Back 76

Only one side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent. Typically occurs in children, whose long bones have yet to ossify fully

Front 77

Colles Fracture

Back 77

Fractures where a break in the distal portion of the radius occurs. Typically the result of reaching out to cushion a fall

Front 78

Pott's fracture

Back 78

AKA bimalleolar fracture. Occurs at the ankle and affects both the medial malleolus of the distal tibia and the lateral malleolus of the distal fibula