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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy |
The study of internal and external body stuctures and their physical relationships among other body parts. |
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Physiology |
Study of how living organisms perform their functions |
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Medical Terminology |
Involves using word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to build terms related to the body in health and disease. |
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Cytology |
The study of the internal structure of individual cells. |
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Cells |
The simplest units of life |
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Histology |
The examination of tissues |
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Tissues |
Groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions |
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Organs |
Tissues combine to form organs which carry out specific functions |
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Scientific Method |
a system of advancing knowledge that begins by proposing a hypothesis to answer a question, and then testing that hypothesis with data collected through observation and experimentations. At the core of medical diagnosis. |
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Organ System |
a group of organs interacting to perform a particular function |
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Organism |
The highest level of organization that we consider |
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Atoms |
the smallest stable units of matter |
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Homeostasis |
(homeo=unchanging + stasis=standing) refers to the existence of a stable internal environment |
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homeostatic regulation |
is the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis |
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autoregulation |
A process that occurs when a cell, tissue, an organ, or an organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change. For example: when oxygen levels decline in a tissue, the cells release chemicals that widen, or dilate, blood vessels. |
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Extrinsic regulation |
Is a process that results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system |
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receptor |
A sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change. Example: thermometer, says what the temperature is |
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Control center |
Receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands. Example: thermostat, if temperature goes above set-point the control center makes sure either the air or heat comes on to return to set-point. |
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effector |
a cell organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus. Example: turns on the heat or the air |
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set point |
The body's desired value. Example: the setting on the thermostat |
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Negative feedback |
Opposes variations from normal and is a way of counteracting a change. It is the primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation, and it provides long-term control over the body's internal conditions and systems |
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Positive feedback |
Is an initial stimulus which produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change in conditions, rather than opposing it. |
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Disease |
When the body does not remain in a state of homeostasis, organ systems begin to malfunction which produces disease. |
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state of equilibrium |
Exists when opposing processes or forces are in balance. In the case of body temperature, a state of equilibrium exists when the rate of heat loss equals the rate of heat production. |
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Dynamic Equilibrium |
When each physiological system functions to maintain a state of equilibrium that keeps vital conditions within a normal range of values. Example: when muscles become more active, more heat is produced. |
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Superficial Anatomy |
involves locating structures on or near the body surface |
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Anatomical position |
When the body is in this position, the hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet are together. |
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Supine |
A person lying down in the anatomical position face up |
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Prone |
A person lying down in the anatomical position face down |
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Abdominopelvic quadrants |
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Abdominopelvic Regions |
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Abdominopelvic relationships |
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Proximal |
Toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk, ex: the shoulder is proximal to the wrist |
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Distal |
Away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk. Ex: the fingers are distal to the wrist. |
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Lateral |
Away from the midline. |
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Medial |
Toward the midline |
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Cranial or Cephalic |
Toward the head. The cranial nerves are in the head. |
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Posterior or Dorsal |
Posterior: The back surface Dorsal: the back Example: the scapula (shoulder blade) is located posterior to the rib cage. |
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Caudal |
Toward the tail |
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Anterior or Ventral |
Anterior: the front surface Example: the umbilicus (navel) is on the anterior (or ventral) surface of the trunk. Ventral: The belly side |
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Transverse Plane |
aka horizontal plane, separates superior and inferior portions of the body |
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Frontal Plane |
aka coronal plane, separates anterior and posterior portions of the body |
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Sagittal Plane |
separates right and left portions of the body |
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Thoracic Cavity |
Contains two pleural cavities, each surrounding a lung, the pericardial cavity of the heart, and a large tissue mass, the mediastinum, and the peritoneal cavity extends only partway into the pelvic cavity. |
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Plueral cavity |
located in the thoracic cavity is subdivided into left and right pleural cavities (holding the lungs), separated by mediastinum. Each pleural cavity surrounds a lung and is lined by a shiny, slippery serous membrane that reduces friction. |
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Pericardial Cavity |
inside the mediastinum. A small chamber that surrounds the heart. Resembles that of a fist pushing into a balloon. |
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Pleura |
serous membrane lining the pleural cavity |
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visceral pleura |
covers the outer surfaces of a lung |
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parietal pleura |
covers the mediastinal surface and the inner body wall |
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Abdominal Cavity |
Contained in the abdominopelvic cavity superior of the pelvic cavity. The abdominal cavity contains the liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, and most of the large intestine |
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Pelvic Cavity |
Contained in the abdominopelvic cavity and located inferior to the abdominal cavity. Contains the urinary bladder, various reproductive organs, and the distal (farthest) portion of the large intestines. |
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Abdominopelvic Cavity |
Extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis. Contains peritoneal cavity, visceral peritoneum as well as the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
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Diphragm |
A muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity |
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Viscera |
The internal organs enclosed by the trunk cavities (thoracic and abdominopelvic) |
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Serous Membrane |
A fluid filled, thin tissue layer which surrounds the body cavities |
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Serous Fluid |
Watery fluid, moistens serous membranes, coats opposing surfaces, and reduces friction |
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Pericardium |
The serous membrane associated with the heart |
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Mediastinum |
Consists of a mass of connective tissue that surrounds, stabilizes, and supports the esophagus, trachea, and thymus, as well as major blood vessels that originate or end at the heart |
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Peritoneum |
A serous membrane lining the peritoneal cavity within the abdominal cavity |
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X-Rays |
This technique uses high-energy radiation to create images of dense tissue such as when a dentist obtains images of the teeth |
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CT Scans |
This technique X-Rays to create three-dimensional pictures which show soft tissue clearly |
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MRI Scan |
This technique utilizes magnetic energy and is useful for imaging soft tissues |
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PET Scan |
This technique images metabolic activity such as detecting a cancerous tumor in the brain |
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Ultrasound |
This technique utilizes sound waves and can be used safely on fetuses |
