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288 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Scandal involving illegal activities that led ultimately to the resignation of President Nixon in 1974.
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Watergate scandal
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Social reform movement that developed within religious institutions and that sought to apply the gospel of Jesus directly to society.
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social gospel movement
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Organization formed to help farmers cooperate economically and politically; also known as the Patrons of Husbandry.
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the Grange
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A legal ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.
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prohibition
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Charge a public official with wrongdoing in office.
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impeach
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An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption.
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temperance movement
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Complete control of a product or service.
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monopoly
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Crowded apartment building with poor standards of sanitation, safety, and comfort.
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tenement
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A force of United States Navy ships that undertook a world cruise in 1907.
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Great White Fleet
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Way of producing in which different tasks are performed by different persons
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division of labor
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Period of legislative activity launched by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1935.
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Second New Deal
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Government-funded project to build public facilities.
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public works program
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Variety show that featured acts such as comic sketches and song-and-dance routines.
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Vaudeville
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1896 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation was legal as long as the separate facilities were equal for both races.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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Ability to read and write.
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literacy
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A feeling of intense national pride and a desire for an aggressive foreign policy.
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jingoism
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Catalog advertising a wide range of goods that can be purchased by mail.
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mail-order catalog
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The total amount of money that the federal government has borrowed and has yet to pay back.
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national debt
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Person who gives donations to worthy causes.
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philanthropist
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Civil rights protest in which a racially mixed group of protesters challenged racially segregated bus terminals.
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Freedom Ride
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Tactic in which senators take the floor, begin talking, and refuse to stop talking to permit a vote on a measure.
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filibuster
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Program designed to ensure a basic standard of living for all citizens.
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social welfare program
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A German submarine.
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U-boat
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A fixed conception held by a number of people.
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stereotype
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Distributing goods to consumers in a fixed amount.
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rationing
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Corporation that hold stocks and bonds of numerous companies.
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holding company
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1958 bill to improve science and mathematics instruction in schools.
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National Defense Education Act
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One of the camps to which Japanese Americans were forcibly sent during World War II.
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internment camp
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Policy in which nations agree to protect one another against attack.
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collective security
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A country dominated politically and economically by another nation, especially by the Soviet Union during the cold war.
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satellite nation
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Organization opposed to the New Deal.
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American Liberty League
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Illegal seizure and execution of a person by a mob.
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lynching
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1964 congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam.
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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
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Payment from an enemy for economic injury suffered during a war.
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reparations
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Federal program that provides medical benefits for older Americans.
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Medicare
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Belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community.
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black nationalism
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Special war bonds sold to support the Allied cause during World War I.
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Liberty Bond
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A Japanese American whose parents were born in Japan.
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Nisei
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Segregation based not on law but on poverty and ghetto conditions.
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de facto segregation
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Law passed in 1972 that aimed to control pollution caused by the discharge of industrial and municipal wastewater.
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Clean Water Act
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Distribution of seats in a legislative body.
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apportionment
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Process by which citizens propose new laws by gathering signatures on a petition.
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initiative
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Program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons.
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disarmament
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American policy of resisting further expansion around the world.
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containment
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Military alliance between the Soviet Union and nations of Eastern Europe, formed in 1955.
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Warsaw Pact
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System of laws that segregated public services by race, beginning in the 1890s.
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Jim Crow
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Law that outlawed discrimination in a number of areas, including voting, schools, and jobs.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Type of music that grew out of rhythm and blues and that became popular in the 1950s.
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rock and roll
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Agreement among homeowners not to sell real estate to certain groups of people, such as African Americans or Jews.
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restrictive covenant
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In the Senate, a three-fifths vote that permits the ending of debate on an issue.
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cloture
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Process by which voters remove a public official from office before the next election.
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recall
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1973 Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion.
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Roe v. Wade
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The readying of troops for war.
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mobilization
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A license to make, use, or sell an invention.
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patent
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House Un-American Activities Committee; congressional committee that investigated Communist influence in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s.
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HUAC
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Law that prohibits certain private activities, such as drinking alcoholic beverages on Sundays.
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Blue Law
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During prohibition, a supplier of illegal alcohol.
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bootlegger
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Area of economic and political control exerted by one nation over another nation or other nations.
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sphere of influence
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Self-government with respect to local matters.
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autonomy
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Highly flammable chemical used in firebombing attacks; dropped from U.S. planes during Vietnam War to burn away vegetation and expose Viet Cong hideouts.
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napalm
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Railway extending from coast to coast.
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transcontinental railroad
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Shelter for the homeless during the early years of the Great Depression.
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Hooverville
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Severe economic decline that lasted from 1929 until about 1939.
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Great Depression
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Relating to a city, as in municipal government.
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municipal
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An international conference in 1954 in which Vietnam was divided into two nations.
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Geneva Conference
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System in which workers are paid not by the hour but by what they produce.
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piecework
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Nonviolent refusal to obey a law in an effort to change the law.
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Civil Disobedience
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A contest between nations in which both expand their arms stockpiles in an effort to gain superiority.
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arms race
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New process, patented in 1856, for making steel more efficiently.
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Bessemer process
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In World War I, Russia, France, Great Britain, and later the United States.
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Allies
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Cease-fire or truce.
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armistice
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Payment made by the government to encourage the development of certain key industries.
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subsidy
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Group of people in the film industry who were jailed for refusing to answer congressional questions regarding Communist influence in Hollywood.
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Hollywood Ten
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Scandal involving illegal activities that led ultimately to the resignation of President Nixon in 1974.
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Watergate Scandal
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Store that carries a variety of goods and sells in large quantities.
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department store
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American policy of resisting further expansion around the world.
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containment
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Group of armed and unarmed ships deployed to protect merchant shipping from attack.
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convoy
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Phenomenon that as production increases, the cost of each item produced is often lower.
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economies of scale
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1925 trial in Tennessee on the issue of teaching evolution in public schools.
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Scopes trial
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List that is circulated among employers, containing names of persons who should not be hired.
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blacklist
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1952 immigration law that discriminated against potential immigrants from Asia and Southern and Central Europe.
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McCarran-Walter Act
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Monument in Washington, D.C., built to honor those killed in the Vietnam War.
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Vietnam Veterans Memorial
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Deliberate murder of an entire people.
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genocide
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Manufacture of goods in great amounts.
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mass production
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Scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil drilling rights on government land in return for money.
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Teapot Dome Scandal
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Federal program organized to send volunteers to help people in poor communities.
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Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA)
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Name given to American troops in Europe in World War I.
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American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
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Restriction on trade.
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embargo
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Citizen who takes the law into his or her own hands.
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vigilante
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Tiny circuit device that amplifies, controls, and generates electrical signals.
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transistor
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System of pricing determined by the government.
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price controls
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Journalist who uncovers wrongdoing on the part of politicians or corporations.
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muckraker
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Segregation based on law.
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de jure segregation
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Rule that police must inform persons accused of a crime of their legal rights.
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Miranda rule
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Theory favoring the political, economic, and social equality of men and women.
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feminism
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Speech or actions that encourage rebellion.
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sedition
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A numeral limit.
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quota
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International organization, formed after World War I, that aimed to promote security and peace for all members.
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League of Nations
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Argument, made by Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893, that the frontier had shaped American life.
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Turner thesis
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1947 declaration by President Truman that the United States would support nations that were being threatened by communism.
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Truman Doctrine
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Ruler with unlimited power.
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autocrat
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Group of World War I veterans and their families who in 1932 protested in Washington, D.C., to receive their pensions early.
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Bonus Army
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1917 note by a German diplomat proposing an alliance with Mexico.
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Zimmerman Note
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Group of nations that worked together to regulate the price and supply of oil.
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
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Law passed in 1970 that aimed to control pollution caused by industrial and auto emissions.
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Clean Air Act
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Law that ended quotas for individual countries and replaced them with more flexible limits.
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Immigration Act of 1965
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Program of American economic assistance to Western Europe, announced in 1947.
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Marshall Plan
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Program of American economic assistance to Western Europe, announced in 1947.
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Marshall Plan
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Federal program that provides medical benefits to poor Americans.
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Medicade
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1954 case in which the Supreme Court outlawed racial segregation in public schools.
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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
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Term sometimes used to describe mainstream Americans.
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Middle America
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The fear of communism and other extreme ideas.
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Red Scare
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The dropping of a large concentration of bombs over a certain area.
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saturation bombing
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A force of Communist guerrillas in South Vietnam who, with North Vietnamese support, fought against the South Vietnamese governments in the Vietnam War.
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Viet Cong
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Law passed in 1935 that aided unions by legalizing collective bargaining and establishing the National Labor Relations Board.
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Wagner Act
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Free delivery of packages to rural areas, begun in 1896.
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rural free delivery
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1919 treaty that ended World War I.
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Versailles Treaty
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Organization of African Americans formed in Georgia to promote civil rights.
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Albany Movement
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Tax in which the percentage of taxes owed increase with income.
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progressive income tax
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System by which cities exercise a limited amount of self-rule.
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home rule
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Conflict over the future of the Korean peninsula, fought between 1950 and 1953 and ending in a stalemate.
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Korean War
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Government spending of borrowed money.
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deficit spending
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In World War I, Germany and Austria-Hungary.
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Central Powers
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Passage that exempts a group of people from obeying a law if they met certain conditions before the law was passed.
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grandfather clause
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Election in which voters cast ballots to select nominees for upcoming elections.
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direct primary
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Special fee that must be paid before a person can vote.
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poll tax
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Latitude line that divided North and South Korea.
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38th parallel
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Belief that if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries would likewise fall.
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domino theory
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Official ideology of the Soviet Union, characterized there by complete government ownership of land and property, single-party control of the government, the lack of individual rights, and the call for worldwide revolution.
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Communism
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Loose association of businesses that make the same product.
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cartel
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Supply of West Berlin by American and British planes during a Soviet blockade in 1948-1949.
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Berlin airlift
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Law aimed at reducing barriers to African American voting, in part by increasing federal authority to register voters.
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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Policy of avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.
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isolationism
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Supporter of the Populist party, formed in 1892 to advocate a larger money supply and other economic reforms.
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Populist
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Making high-risk investments in hopes of getting a high gain.
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speculation
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An attorney appointed by the Justice Department to investigate wrongdoing by government officials.
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special prosecutor
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Organization, founded in 1905 by W.E.B. Du Bois and other black leaders, that called for full civil liberties for African Americans, an end to racial discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood.
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Niagara Movement
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A feeling of intense national pride and a desire for an aggressive foreign policy.
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jingoism
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Term used to describe the period from 1877 to 1900.
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Gilded Age
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Process of bringing together many firms that are in the same business to form one large company.
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horizontal consolidation
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Someone who opposes war on moral or religious grounds.
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conscientious objector
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Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to use war in their dealings with one another.
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Kellog-Briand Pact
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Alliance between the United States, Canada, and Western European nations, formed in 1949.
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NATO
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Type of newspaper coverage that emphasized sensational stories of crime and scandal.
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yellow journalism
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Person whose family origins are in Spanish-speaking Latin America.
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Latino
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Supply route that carried troops and supplies from North Vietnam to South Vietnam.
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Ho Chi Minh Trail
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Policy of risking war in order to protect national interests.
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brinkmanship
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1947 law that allowed the President to order striking workers in some industries back to work.
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Taft-Hartley Act
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Statistics that describe a population, such as data on race or income.
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demographics
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A government policy of not interfering in private business.
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laissez-faire
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Term coined during the 1920s to describe a young woman with a fondness for dancing and brash actions.
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flapper
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African American movement seeking unity and self-reliance.
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black power
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Law passed in 1914 to strengthen federal antitrust enforcement by spelling out business activities that were forbidden.
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Clayton Antitrust Act
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Amount that a worker produces in a given period of time.
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productivity
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Government study of United States involvement in the Vietnam War, made public in 1971.
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Pentagon Papers
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Term used by President Nixon to describe Americans who disapproved of the counterculture.
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silent majority
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Community center organized to provide various services to the urban poor.
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settlement house
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Period from 1890 to 1916, during which a variety of reforms were enacted at the local, state, and federal levels.
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Progressive Era
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Income.
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revenue
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In World War II, the alliance of Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and other nations.
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Allies
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Organization formed in 1968 to help Native Americans.
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American Indian Movement (AIM)
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Rewards.
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spoils
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1917 law authorizing a draft of young men for military service.
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Selective Service Act
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Expansion by stages, as from a limited or local conflict into a general, especially nuclear, war.
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escalation
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Negotiations between the United States and North Vietnam, beginning in 1968.
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Paris peace talks
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An alliance of groups with similar goals.
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coalition
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Person concerned with the care and protection of natural resources.
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conservationist
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1968 attack by Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces throughout South Vietnam.
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Tet Offensive
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Manufacturing process in which each worker does one specialized task in the construction of the final product.
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assembly line
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Political philosophy that places the importance of the nation over that of the individual.
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fascism
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Organization formed in 1966 to promote full participation of women in American society.
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National Organization for Women (NOW)
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Protest in 1955-1956 by African Americans against racial segregation in the bus system of Montgomery, Alabama.
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Montgomery bus boycott
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Labor protest in which workers stop work but refuse to leave the workplace.
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sit-down strike
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An economy that depends on a large amount of buying by individuals.
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consumer economy
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Law passed in 1944 that helped returning veterans buy homes and pay for college.
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GI Bill
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Killing of several hundred Vietnamese by American soldiers in 1968.
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My Lai massacre
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Large corporation that owns many smaller companies producing a variety of goods and services.
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conglomerate
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Government organization formed in 1970 to deal with issues such as air and water pollution.
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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
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Dramatic increase in birthrate during and after World War II.
|
baby boom
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Proposed constitutional amendment, never ratified, calling for equality of rights for both sexes.
|
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
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Kind of warfare emphasizing rapid, mechanized movement.
|
blitzkrieg
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In World War II, the alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan.
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Axis Powers
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A system that lets customers make partial payments (installments) at set intervals over a period of time.
|
installment plan
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Worker who moves from farm to farm planting and harvesting various crops.
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migrant farm worker
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1963 civil rights demonstration in Washington, D.C.
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March on Washington
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Barrier built by the East German government in 1961 to prevent East Germans from escaping to West Berlin.
|
Berlin Wall
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In World War II, the alliance of Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and other nations.
|
Allies
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Union organized by Cesar Chavez to organize Mexican field hands in the West.
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United Farm Workers (UFW)
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Radical who violently opposes all government.
|
anarchist
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Worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers.
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scab
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Style of music consisting of melodies with shifting accents over a steady beat.
|
ragtime
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Turning clocks ahead one hour for the summer.
|
daylight savings time
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|
Print and broadcast methods of communicating information to large numbers of people.
|
mass media
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An intercontinental ballistic missile.
|
ICBM
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|
Form of protest in which protesters do not resist or fight back when attacked.
|
nonviolent protest
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|
Organization of Japanese Americans working to promote the rights of Asian Americans.
|
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)
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|
First artificial satellite to orbit Earth, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.
|
Sputnik
|
|
A federal project to provide electric power, flood control, and recreational opportunities to the Tennessee River valley.
|
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
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|
Treaty, signed in 1963, in which the United States and the Soviet Union agreed not to test nuclear weapons above the ground.
|
Limited Test Ban Treaty
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|
Student civil rights organization founded in 1960.
|
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
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|
Conversion to government ownership.
|
nationalization
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|
Group of writers of the 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values.
|
Lost Generation
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New political movement of the late 1960s that called for radical changes to fight poverty and racism.
|
New Left
|
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Spanish-speaking neighborhood.
|
barrio
|
|
1878 law requiring the federal government to purchase and coin more silver.
|
Bland-Allison Act
|
|
Group of young Americans in the 1960s who rejected conventional customs.
|
counterculture
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|
Set of religious beliefs including traditional Christian ideas about Jesus Christ, the belief that the Bible was inspired by God and does not contain contradictions or errors, and the belief that the Bible is literally true.
|
fundamentalism
|
|
Process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture.
|
assimilation
|
|
During prohibition, a place where alcoholic drinks were served illegally.
|
speakeasy
|
|
Term used to describe the 1920s.
|
Jazz Age
|
|
Special session of lecture and discussion on a controversial topic.
|
teach-in
|
|
1941 law that authorized the President to provide aid to any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security.
|
Lend-Lease Act
|
|
An especially high import tariff passed by Congress in 1930.
|
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
|
|
Failed invasion of Cuba by a group of anti-Castro forces in 1961.
|
Bay of Pigs invasion
|
|
1887 law that regulated railroads and other interstate businesses.
|
Interstate Commerce Act
|
|
The shooting down of an American spy plane over the Soviet Union in 1960.
|
U-2 incident
|
|
American approach to China around 1900, favoring open trade relations between China and other nations.
|
Open Door Policy
|
|
1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba.
|
Cuban Missile Crisis
|
|
Government organization formed in 1974 to oversee the civilian uses of nuclear matters.
|
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
|
|
Situation in which neither side in a conflict is able to gain the advantage.
|
stalemate
|
|
Rapid growth in number, spread.
|
proliferation
|
|
Settlement of a dispute by a person chosen to listen to both sides and come to a decision.
|
arbitration
|
|
Immoral or corrupt behavior.
|
vice
|
|
Collapse of the American stock market in 1929.
|
Great Crash
|
|
Law passed in 1890 that outlawed any combination of companies that restrained trade or commerce.
|
Sherman Antitrust Act
|
|
Pledge by the German government in 1916 that its submarines would warn ships before attacking.
|
Sussex Pledge
|
|
Forced separation.
|
segregation
|
|
October 29, 1929, the day on which the Great Crash of the stock market began.
|
Black Tuesday
|
|
Process in which workers negotiate as a group with employers.
|
collective bargaining
|
|
Law passed in 1882 that prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country.
|
Chinese Exclusion Act
|
|
Publicly run system that provides regular payments to people who cannot support themselves.
|
Social Security system
|
|
Federal program established to send volunteers to help developing nations around the world.
|
Peace Corps
|
|
1886 labor-related violence in Chicago.
|
Haymarket Riot
|
|
Form of protest in which protesters seat themselves and refuse to move; sometimes used by civil rights demonstrators as a means of peaceful protest.
|
sit-in
|
|
A relaxation in political tensions between nations.
|
détente
|
|
1892 strike in Pennsylvania against Carnegie Steel.
|
Homestead Strike
|
|
Average measure of stock prices of major industries.
|
Dow Jones Industrial Average
|
|
1862 law in which the federal government distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges.
|
Morrill Land-Grant Act
|
|
Practice by which investors purchase a stock for only a fraction of its price, borrowing the rest.
|
buying on margin
|
|
Term used to describe a Central American nation dominated by United States business interests.
|
banana republic
|
|
1862 law that offered 160 acres of western land to settlers.
|
Homestead Act
|
|
Unofficial organization designed to keep a particular party or group in power and usually headed by a single, powerful boss.
|
political machine
|
|
System of non-elected government workers.
|
civil service
|
|
Between, among, or involving people of different races.
|
interracial
|
|
1877 Supreme Court decision that allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders.
|
Munn v. Illinois
|
|
Join or attach.
|
annex
|
|
Person who buys up large areas of land in the hope of later selling it for a profit.
|
land speculator
|
|
A set of wishes expressed to a candidate by the voters.
|
mandate
|
|
The state of hostility, without actual warfare, that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II until the collapse of the Soviet Union.
|
cold war
|
|
1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds and could not be fired for political reasons.
|
Pendleton Civil Service Act
|
|
Process of bringing together of different races.
|
integration
|
|
Total annual value of goods and services that a country produces.
|
Gross National Product
|
|
A grant for a piece of land in exchange for a promise to use the land for a specific purpose
|
concession
|
|
Area that the federal government set aside for Native Americans who had lost their homelands.
|
reservation
|
|
One of a group of African Americans who migrated to the West following the Civil War.
|
Exoduster
|
|
A region in the Great Plains that had a period of drought and dust storms during the 1930s.
|
Dust Bowl
|
|
Sioux victory in 1876 over army troops under George Custer.
|
Battle of Little Bighorn
|
|
Constitutional amendment, ratified in 1933, that ended Prohibition.
|
Twenty-first Amendment
|
|
1890 shooting by army troops of a group of unarmed Sioux.
|
Massacre at Wounded Knee
|
|
A time of isolation to prevent the spread of disease.
|
quarantine
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1887 law that divided Native American land into private family plots.
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Dawes Act
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Movement to ensure that native-born Americans received better treatment than immigrants.
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nativism
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Area in which one ethnic or racial group dominates.
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ghetto
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Organization founded in 1942 to promote racial equality through peaceful means.
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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
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One of the settlers who rushed into Indian Territory upon its opening for settlement in 1889.
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boomer
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Person who marked his or her claims in Indian Territory before it was legally opened to settlement.
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sooner
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Farm controlled by a large business and managed by professionals.
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bonanza farm
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Average income per person.
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per capita income
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Techniques used to raise crops in areas that receive little rain.
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dry farming
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Policy by a stronger nation to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.
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imperialism
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Name given by Native Americans to a black soldier in the United States Army who served in the West during the late 1880s and early 1900s.
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buffalo soldier
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Organization, also called the Black Muslims, dedicated to black separation and self-help.
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Nation of Islam
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A leader who manipulates people through such means as half-truths and scare tactics.
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demagogue
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An economic and political philosophy that favors public (or social) control of property and income.
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socialism
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A group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board.
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trust
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A non citizen.
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alien
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1969 musical festival in upstate New York.
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Woodstock festival
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Commission, headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy.
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Warren Commission
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Moving of cattle from distant ranges to busy railroad centers that shipped the cattle to market.
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long drive
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1907 agreement between the United States and Japan that restricted Japanese immigration.
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Gentlemen's Agreement
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A method of mining used by individual prospectors.
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placer mining
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Drop in the price of goods.
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deflation
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Residential community surrounding a city.
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suburb
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Required.
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compulsory
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In the 1950s, a person who criticized American society as apathetic and conformist.
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beatnik
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Court order prohibiting some action.
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injunction
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Civil rights organization formed in 957 by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and other leaders.
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
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(Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) 1972 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union on limiting nuclear weapons.
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SALT I
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