Movements Of The Body

Front 1

flexion of shoulder - synergists

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 1

deltoid (anterior), pectoralis major (upper)

biceps brachii, coracobrachialis

Front 2

flexion of shoulder - antagonists

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 2

deltoid (posterior), latissimus dorsi, teres major

pectoralis major (lower), triceps brachii (long head)

Front 3

extension of shoulder - synergists

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 3

deltoid (posterior), latissimus dorsi, teres major

pectoralis major (lower), triceps brachii (long head)

Front 4

extension of shoulder - antagonists

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 4

deltoid (anterior), pectoralis major (upper)

biceps brachii, coracobrachialis

Front 5

horizontal abduction of shoulder - synergists

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 5

deltoid (posterior)

Front 6

horizontal abduction of shoulder - antagonist

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 6

deltoid (anterior), pectoralis major (upper)

Front 7

horizontal adduction of shoulder - synergist

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 7

deltoid (anterior), pectoralis major (upper)

Front 8

horizontal adduction of shoulder - antagonist

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 8

deltoid (posterior)

Front 9

abduction of shoulder - synergist

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 9

deltoid (all), supraspinatus

Front 10

abduction of shoulder - antagonists

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 10

latissimus dorsi, teres major, infraspinatus,

teres minor, pectoralis major (all), triceps brachii (long head), coracobrachialis

Front 11

adduction of shoulder - synergists

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 11

latissimus dorsi, teres major, infraspinatus,

teres minor, pectoralis major (all), triceps brachii (long head), coracobrachialis

Front 12

adduction of shoulder - antagonists

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 12

deltoid (all), supraspinatus

Front 13

lateral rotation of shoulder - synergists

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 13

deltoid (posterior), infraspinatus, teres minor

Front 14

lateral rotation of shoulder - antagonists

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 14

deltoid (anterior), latissimus dorsi, teres major, subscapularis, pectoralis major

Front 15

medial rotation of shoulder - synergists

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 15

deltoid (anterior), latissimus dorsi, teres major, subscapularis, pectoralis major

Front 16

medial rotation of shoulder - antagonists

(glenohumeral joint)

Back 16

deltoid (posterior), infraspinatus, teres minor

Front 17

elevation of scapula - synergists

(scapulothoracic joint)

Back 17

trapezius (upper), rhomboids, levator scapula

Front 18

elevation of scapula - antagonists

(scapulothoracic joint)

Back 18

trapezius (lower), serratus anterior (fixed origin),

pectoralis minor

Front 19

depression of scapula - synergists

(scapulothoracic joint)

Back 19

trapezius (lower), serratus anterior (fixed origin)

pectoralis minor

Front 20

depression of scapula - antagonists

(scapulothoracic joint)

Back 20

trapezius (upper), rhomboids, levator scapula

Front 21

abduction (protraction) of scapula - synergists

(scapulothoracic joint)

Back 21

serratus anterior (fixed origin), pectoralis minor

Front 22

abduction (protraction) of scapula - antagonists

(scapulothoracic joint)

Back 22

trapezius (middle), rhomboids

Front 23

adduction (retraction) of scapula - synergists

(scapulothoracic joint)

Back 23

trapezius (middle), rhomboids

Front 24

adduction (retraction) of scapula - antagonists

(scapulothoracic joint)

Back 24

serratus anterior (fixed origin), pectoralis minor

Front 25

upward rotation of the scapula - synergists

(scapulothoracic joint)

Back 25

trapezius (upper & lower), serratus anterior (fixed origin)

Front 26

upward rotation of the scapula - antagonists

(scapulothoracic joint)

Back 26

rhomboids, levator scapula, pectoralis minor

Front 27

downward rotation of the scapula - synergists

(scapulothoracic joint)

Back 27

rhomboids, levator scapula, pectoralis minor

Front 28

downward rotation of the scapula - antagonists

(scapulothoracic joint)

Back 28

trapezius (upper & lower), serratus anterior (fixed origin)

Front 29

flexion of elbow - synergists

(humeroulnar and humeroradial joints)

Back 29

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

assistors: flexor carpi radialis & ulnaris

palmaris longus, pronator teres,

extensor carpi radialis & ulnaris

Front 30

flexion of elbow - antagonists

(humeroulnar and humeroradial joints)

Back 30

triceps brachii (all), anconeus

Front 31

extension of elbow - synergists

(humeroulnar and humeroradial joints)

Back 31

triceps brachii (all), anconeus

Front 32

extension of elbow - antagonists

(humeroulnar and humeroradial joints)

Back 32

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

assistors: flexor carpi radialis & ulnaris

palmaris longus, pronator teres,

extensor carpi radialis & ulnaris

Front 33

supination of forearm - synergists

(proximal & distal radioulnar joints)

Back 33

biceps brachii, supinator, brachioradialis (assists)

Front 34

supination of forearm - antagonists

(proximal & distal radioulnar joints)

Back 34

pronator teres, pronator quadratus, brachioradials (assists)

Front 35

pronation of forearm - synergists

(proximal & distal radioulnar joints)

Back 35

pronator teres, pronator quadratus, brachioradialis (assists)

Front 36

pronation of forearm - antagonists
(proximal & distal radioulnar joints)

Back 36

biceps brachii, supinator, brachioradialis (assists)

Front 37

extension of wrists - synergists

(radiocarpal joint)

Back 37

extensor carpi radialis (longus & brevis),

extensor carpi ulnaris

assistors: extensors digitorum & indicis

Front 38

flexion of wrists - synergists

(radiocarpal joint)

Back 38

flexor carpi radialis & ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis

assistors: flexor digitorum profundus, flexor

pollicis longus

Front 39

abduction (radial deviation) of wrist - synergists

(radiocarpal joint)

Back 39

extensor carpi radialis (longus & brevis)

extensor pollicis (longus & brevis)

flexor carpi radialis, abductor pollicis longus

Front 40

abduction (radial deviation) of wrist - antagonists

(radiocarpal joint)

Back 40

extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi ulnaris

Front 41

adduction (ulnar deviation) of wrist - synergists

(radiocarpal joint)

Back 41

extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi ulnaris

Front 42

adduction (ulnar deviation) of wrist - antagonists

(radiocarpal joint)

Back 42

extensor carpi radialis (longus & brevis)

extensor pollicis (longus & brevis)

flexor carpi radialis, abductor pollicis longus

Front 43

# of phalanges per hand

Back 43

14

Front 44

# of metacarpals per hand

Back 44

5

Front 45

# of carpals per hand

Back 45

8

Front 46

extension of 2nd through 5th fingers

(metacarpophalangeal, proximal and distal interphalangeal joints)

Back 46

extensor digitorum, lumbricals

assistors: dorsal & palmar interossei, extensor indicis

Front 47

flexion of the 2nd through 5th fingers

(metacarpophalangeal, proximal & distal interphalangeal joints)

Back 47

flexor digitorum superficialis & profundus,

flexor digiti minimi brevis, lumbricals

assistors: dorsal & palmar interossei

Front 48

flexion of thumb

(1st carpometacarpal & metacarpophalangeal joints)

Back 48

flexor pollicis longus & brevis

Front 49

extension of thumb

(1st carpometacarpal & metacarpophalangeal joints)

Back 49

extensor pollicis longus & brevis, abductor pollicis longus

Front 50

opposition of thumb

(1st carpometacarpal & metacarpophalangeal joints)

Back 50

opponens pollicis

assistors: flexor & abductor pollicis brevis

Front 51

abduction of thumb

(1st carpometacarpal & metacarpophalangeal joints)

Back 51

abductor pollicis longus & brevis

Front 52

adduction of thumb

(1st carpometacarpal & metacarpophalangeal joints)

Back 52

adductor pollicis, palmar interossei

Front 53

flexion of vertebral column

Back 53

rectus abdominis, external & internal obliques (bilaterally), psoas major (fixed insertion),

illiacus (fixed insertion)

Front 54

extension of vertebral column

Back 54

longissimus + iliocostalis + multifidi + rotatores + spinalis + intertransversarii (all bilaterally)

semispinalis capitis, interspinalis

Front 55

rotation of vertebral column

(as if to look behind you)

Back 55

external oblique + multifidi + rotatores (all unilaterally on opposite side), internal oblique (same side)

Front 56

lateral flexion of vertebral column

(side stretch, unilaterally)

Back 56

(all to same side) - iliocostalis, external & internal obliques, longissimus, quadratus lumborum, intertransversarii, spinalis

Front 57

elevation/expansion of ribs (inhalation)

Back 57

anterior + middle + posterior scalenes (bilaterally), serratus posterior superior, pectoralis major (fixed arm), pectoralis minor + serratus anterior (fixed scapula), subclavius (1st rib), assistors: SCM, external intercostals

Front 58

depression/collapse of ribs (exhalation)

Back 58

internal intercostals (assist), serratus posterior inferior

Front 59

flexion of cervical spine (neck bends forward)

Back 59

(all bilaterally) sternocleidomastoid (SCM), anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli

Front 60

extension of cervical spine

(neck bends backward)

Back 60

(bilaterally) - trapezius (upper), levator scapula, splenius capitis & cervicis, multifidi, rotatores, intertransversarii;

rectus capitis posterior major & minor, oblique capitis superior, semispinalis capitis, interspinalis

Front 61

rotation of cervical spine (turn head right or left)

Back 61

(same side) - levator scapula , splenius capitis & cervicis, rectus capitis posterior major, oblique capitis inferior, longus colli & capitis

(opposite side) - trapezius (upper), SCM, scalenes, multifidi, rotatores

Front 62

lateral flexion of cervical spine (ear to shoulder)

(unilaterally)

Back 62

(same side) - trapezius (upper), levator scapula, SCM, scalenes (ribs fixed), splenius capitis, splenius cervicis...

Front 63

elevation of mandible

(temporomandibular joint)

Back 63

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

Front 64

depression of mandible

(temporomandibular joint)

Back 64

geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, digastric

Front 65

protraction of mandible (jaw forward)

(temporomandibular joint)

Back 65

(bilaterally) lateral & medial pterygoids,

masseter assists

Front 66

retraction of mandible (jaw pulled back)

(temporomandibular joint)

Back 66

temporalis, digastric

Front 67

lateral deviation of mandible (right/left)

(temporomandibular joint)

Back 67

(to opposite side) - lateral & medial pterygoid

Front 68

flexion of hip

(coxal joint)

Back 68

psoas major, iliacus, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, rectus femoris, gluteus medius (anterior), gluteus minimus

assistors: adductor magnus, longus & brevis, pectineus

Front 69

extension of hip

(coxal joint)

Back 69

gluteus maximus, biceps femoris (long head), semitendinosus, semimembranosus, adductor magnus (posterior), gluteus medius (posterior)

Front 70

medial (internal) rotation of hip

(coxal joint)

Back 70

gluteus medius (anterior), gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, adductor magnus, longus & brevis, pectineus, gracilis

Front 71

lateral (external) rotation of hip

(coxal joint)

Back 71

gluteus maximus, piriformis, quadratus femoris, obturator internus and externus, gemellus superior & inferior, gluteus medius (posterior, psoas major, iliacus, sartorius

Front 72

abduction of hip

(coxal joint)

Back 72

gluteus maximus, medius & minimus, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, piriformis (flexed hip)

Front 73

adduction of hip

(coxal joint)

Back 73

adductor magnus, longus & brevis, pectineus, gracilis, gluteus maximus (lower fibers)

Front 74

flexion of knee

(tibiofemoral joint)

Back 74

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimenbranosus, gracilis, sartorius, gastrocnemius, popliteus, plantaris

Front 75

extension of knee

(tibiofemoral joint)

Back 75

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, medialis & intermedius

Front 76

medial (internal) rotation of flexed knee

(tibiofemoral joint)

Back 76

semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gracilis, sartorius, popliteus

Front 77

lateral (external) rotation of flexed knee

(tibiofemoral joint)

Back 77

biceps femoris

Front 78

plantar flexion of ankle

(talocrural joint)

Back 78

gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior

assistors: peroneus longus & brevis

Front 79

dorsiflexion of ankle

(talocrural joint)

Back 79

tibialis anterior, extensor digigorum longus, extensor hallucis longus

Front 80

inversion of foot (outer ankle towards floor)

(talotarsal, midtarsal & tarsometatarsal joints)

Back 80

tibialis anterior & posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, extensor hallucis longus

Front 81

eversion of foot

(talotarsal, midtarsal & tarsometatarsal joints)

Back 81

peroneus longus & brevis, extensor digitorum longus

Front 82

flexion of 2nd through 5th toes (toes bent fwd)

(metatarsophalangeal, proximal and distal interphalangeal joints)

Back 82

flexor digitorum longus & brevis, lumbricals, dorsal interossei, plantar interossei, flexor digiti minimi brevis

Front 83

extension of 2nd through 5th toes (toes up)

(metatarsophalangeal, proximal and distal interphalangeal joints)

Back 83

extensor digitorum longus & brevis, lumbricals

Front 84

big (great) toe

Back 84

hallucis

Front 85

Descriptive terms medial and lateral correlate to which plane?

Back 85

sagittal plane

Front 86

The actions of flexion and extension occur along which plane?

Back 86

sagittal plane

Front 87

plane that runs down the center of the body, dividing the plane into two symmetrical halves

Back 87

midsagittal plane

Front 88

plane that divides the body into front and back portions

Back 88

frontal (or coronal) plane

Front 89

To which plane do the terms anterior and posterior refer?

Back 89

frontal (or coronal) plane

Front 90

the actions of adduction and abduction occur along this plane

Back 90

frontal (or coronal) plane

Front 91

plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts

Back 91

transverse plane

Front 92

the terms superior and inferior refer to this plane

Back 92

transverse plane

Front 93

rotation happens within this plane

Back 93

transverse plane

Front 94

term that means "closer to the head" when referring to structures on the trunk

Back 94

cranial (or cephalad)

Front 95

term that means "closer to the buttocks" when referring to structures on the trunk

Back 95

caudal

Front 96

term that refers to a structure further away from the trunk or the body's midline (when referring to the arms and legs)

Back 96

distal

Front 97

term that refers to a structure closer to the trunk (when referring to the arms and legs)

Back 97

proximal