Movements

Front 1

Rotation

Back 1

Movement around its longitudinal axis

Front 2

Flexion

Back 2

Decrease in angle

Front 3

Extension

Back 3

Increase in angle

Front 4

Hyperextension

Back 4

Extension beyond normal limits.

Front 5

Lateral flexion

Back 5

Movement of trunk away from midline

Front 6

Abduction

Back 6

Movement away from midline

Front 7

Adduction

Back 7

Movement towards midline.

Front 8

Circumduction

Back 8

Circular Flexion, abduction, extension and Hyperextension in succession

Front 9

Elevation

Back 9

Upward movement

Front 10

Depression

Back 10

Downward movement

Front 11

Protraction

Back 11

Movement forward in transverse plane

Front 12

Retraction

Back 12

Movement back in transverse plane

Front 13

Inversion

Back 13

Sole turn in

Front 14

Eversion

Back 14

Sole turns out

Front 15

Dorsiflexion

Back 15

Bending foot up

Front 16

Plantar flexion

Back 16

Bend foot down

Front 17

Supination

Back 17

Movement of forearm to turn palm up

Front 18

Pronation

Back 18

Movement of forearm to turn Palm towards the back

Front 19

Opposition

Back 19

Movement of thumb across Palm to touch fingertips

Front 20

What are the two differenttypes of molecular transport in the human body? Direction and energy used?

Back 20

Active (Energy needed)

Passive (Down concentrationgradient & no energy used)

Front 21

Name three types of PASSIVETRANSPORT.

Back 21

Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion

Osmosis

Front 22

Name three types of ACTIVETRANSPORT?

Back 22

Sodium Potassium Pump

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Front 23

Diffusion: Substance size,most efficient when…, occurs in …

Back 23

Small substances high to lowconcentration

Larger gradients and warmertemperatures

Gases, liquids, ion solutions

Front 24

Facilitated Diffusion:Substance size, how, regulation, e.g.?

Back 24

Large substances high to low

Protein carrier forms proteinchannel and deposits substance on other side

Specific one substance only

Substances too large todiffuse e.g. Glucose, Amino Acids

Front 25

Osmosis: What? Why?

Back 25

Water down concentrationgradient.

Usually when molecules (notwater) cant be moved via diffusion.

Isotonic, hypertonichypotonic

Front 26

Sodium Potassium Pump: What?How? E.g.

Back 26

Substances to area of low tohigh

ATP used to activate proteincarrier molecules.

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium,Hydrogen

Front 27

Endocytosis: Types? Whathappens?

Back 27

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Particles engulfed byinvagination of membrane forming a vacuole.Lysosomes adhere to vacuoleand release enzymes to digest contents.

Front 28

Exocytosis: What? Whathappens. E.g.

Back 28

Removal of waste.

Reverse of endocytosis.

Secretory granules formed byGolgi, residue of phagocytosis.

Front 29

How many joints are there in the body?

Back 29

187

Front 30

Three types of joint?

Back 30

Fibrous (Sutures)

Cartilaginous

Synovial

Front 31

What is a fibrous joint?

Example

Also known as...

Back 31

Fixed bones held together by connective tissue.

Skull bones only.

Sutures

Front 32

What is a cartilaginous joint?

Example

Back 32

Immovable and slightly movable joint connected by cartilage (no cavity)

e.g. pad of fibrocartilage in intervertebral disk

Front 33

What is a synovial joint?

Back 33

Freely moveable joint.

Front 34

6 types of synovial joint and examples.

Back 34

1. Ball and socket (hip and shoulder)

2. Hinge (knee and elbow)

3. Pivot (neck axis up and down)

4. Planar - intercarpal

5. Ellipsoid - wrist

6. Saddle -thumb

Front 35

Movement associated with a hinge joint? (2)

e.g.

Back 35

Flexion and extension

Elbow

Front 36

Movements associated with a pivot joint? e.g.

Back 36

Pronation

Supination

e.g. turning wrist inside and out via radius

Front 37

What makes up a joint from outside in?

Back 37

- Articular (joint) capsule

- Synovial membrane (flush with articular cartilage)

-Synovial cavity plus synovial fluid.