Movement And Control

Front 1

Locomotion consists of?

Back 1

-Propulsion

- Equilibrium control

-Steering

Front 2

For Movement more than just contraction we need to also?

Back 2

Plan movement, initiate movement, coordinate muscles in space and time, refine using sensory feedback, optimise and learn repeated movements

Front 3

alpha motor neurouns

Back 3

- Cause muscle fibres to contract

-large diameter, myleinated, from the spinal cord or brain stem and end at NMJ on muscle

Front 4

Lower motor neuron

Back 4

- Lower Motor neuron run directly to muscle

-Not spontaneous

- Produce AP when receive input to cause muscle contraction

-alpha motor neurons controlling muscle

Front 5

Upper motor neurons

Back 5

-Does not directly control muscle, controls lower motor neurons which directly control muscle

Front 6

Motor neuron pool

Back 6

collection of alpha motor neurons innervating a single muscle

Front 7

What are the driver systems?

Back 7

M1, Midbrain and brainstem

Front 8

What is the modulator

Back 8

The cerebullum

Front 9

What is the sequence to cause action?

Back 9

Driver systems--> Spinal cord alpha motor neurons---> to output -- muscle fibres

Front 10

The output from the muscle fibres goes to muscle sensors what are these muscle sensors?

Back 10

Muscle spindles and GTO's

Front 11

Function of Cerebellum, Midbrain and brainstem?

Back 11

Balance and Posture

Front 12

Function of Spinal cord?

Back 12

Central pattern generator

Front 13

Function of Thalamus?

Back 13

Specific patterns of locomotion

Front 14

What is reflexive movement?

Back 14

Responds to noxious stimulus, transient

Front 15

Automatic movement?

Back 15

transient or sustained

Maintaining balance

Front 16

Triggered movement

Back 16

shaking

transient

Front 17

Automatic rhythmic movement

Back 17

Breathing

Front 18

Myotatic unit

Back 18

Set of muscles acting at one joint

Front 19

What is an agonist?

Back 19

The muscle responsible for particular movement

Front 20

Synergists

Back 20

Muscles working with the agonist at the same myotatic unit to produce the same move

Front 21

Antagonist

Back 21

Muscles working at the same myotatic unit

Agonist produces movement in the opp direction

Front 22

Spindles is a muscle sensor responsible for monitoring what in order to provide?

Back 22

Monitors: Muscle length

Purpose: To prevent sudden stretch of muscle

Feedback

Same muscle -contraction

Antagonistic muscle- relaxation

Front 23

GTO is a muscle sensor responsible for monitoring what in order to provide?

Back 23

Monitors: Muscle Force

Purpose: To prevent muscle developing excessive force

Feedback

Same muscle -relaxation

Antagonistic muscle- contraction

Front 24

GTO

Back 24

Monitors muscle contraction by monitoring force

Maintains muscle tension in optimal range

Ensures smooth onset and termination of contraction

Front 25

Contractions of postural muscles are regulated by what?

Back 25

stretch reflexes

Front 26

In order to protect from noxious input ?

Back 26

Spinal cord controls poth flexor and crossed extensor reflex

Front 27

Effective locomotion requires

Back 27

Maintain unright positon , locking anti gravity muscles

be able to respond to balance inputs from inner ear and proprioceptors

Front 28

In order to control posture and balance of head, orient head?

Back 28

Brainstem and Cerebellum

Front 29

Limb and hand movements is controlled by?

Back 29

Midbrain

Front 30

Lateral CST of fine precise movements controlled by`?

Back 30

Motor corvex

Front 31

Recruitment order based on size principle

Back 31

-small motor unit - motor neuron small cell body innervates a few muscle fibres- easier to recruit less leaky ( Type 1)

-Intermediate (Type 2A)

-large motor unit - motor neuron large cell body innervates a lot of muscle fibres (Type 2B)

Front 32

What are the two mechanism for grading muscle force?

Back 32

- Using Motor Unit Recruitment to produce force (Order of size principle) Results in more muscle fibers being activated

-using Rate coding ( Motor neuron frequency of AP's) to produce force through summation and tenatus

Front 33

What mechanism is used first?

Back 33

Recruit more motor units, do so until all muscle fibers are active

Front 34

Whats the second mechanism is used for grading force produced by a muscle?

Back 34

Plateau cant activate any more motor units, now must make motor units work harder.Thus change frequency of AP or rate coding to produce force through summation and tetanus

Front 35

How we monitor body postion outputs?

Back 35

Proprioception is awareness of body positions

Receptors that do this:

- Cutaneous Mechano receptors

- Joint receptors

- Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

Front 36

Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are responsible for?

Back 36

Responsible for fine control of muscle

Front 37

Type of sensor

Back 37

Muscle sensor

Front 38

No of muscle spindles varies degree of precision?

Back 38

Lots of spindle - very precise task

Less no of spindles - less precise task

Front 39

What will happen in compensation for an unexpected stretch?

Back 39

contract it to return to position, make the ends of the spindle contract using motor neurons called gamma motor neuron

Front 40

Fine movements are driven by the older pathway and newer pathway which are?

Back 40

The midbrain

The cortex

Front 41

fine movement mechanism

Back 41

1. Idea formed in pre-frontal cortex

2. Preparation for the action begins in the pre-motor cortex

3. Sensory information (Proprioception) integrated by parietal cortex

4. Premotor cortex initiates postural adjustments via the pontine reticular formation

5. Primary cortex uses postural info to generate plan for movement

6.Commands are sent via the corticospinal tract to motor neurons and then to the flexor muscles of the forearm

7. During movement, the spinocerebellum and basal ganglia monitor sensory info generated by muscle contractions

Front 42

What selects and initiates movement?

Back 42

Basal Ganglia

Front 43

What is modified in ongoing movement?

Back 43

Coordination of timing of muscle contractions

Sensory Feedback

Motor learning

Front 44

In ongoing movement what is responsible for the modification?

Back 44

Cerebellum

Front 45

Visually induced modification during locomotion is controlled by?

Back 45

Motor Cortex

Front 46

What is the alpha gamma co activation?

Back 46

Alpha motor neurons causes muscle fibres to contract, Gamma motor neurons causes muscle spindles to contract. When you cause the muscle to contract the spindle must also contract so the muscle spindle remains the right length to detect stretch