Movement

Front 1

3 Types of muscles

Back 1

1. smooth 2. skeletal/striated 3. cardiac

Front 2

3 Types of muscles

Back 2

1. smooth 2. skeletal/striated 3. cardiac

Front 3

smooth muscle

Back 3

internal organs
long/thin cells

Front 4

smooth muscle

Back 4

internal organs
long/thin cells

Front 5

skeletal/striated muscle

Back 5

main movers
long cylindrical fibers with stripes

Front 6

skeletal/striated muscle

Back 6

main movers
long cylindrical fibers with stripes

Front 7

cardiac muscle

Back 7

heart
fused fibers contract together

Front 8

cardiac muscle

Back 8

heart
fused fibers contract together

Front 9

muscles are composed of

Back 9

fibers

Front 10

muscles are composed of

Back 10

fibers

Front 11

each fiber in the muscle is innervated by

Back 11

one motor neuron

Front 12

one motor neuron innervates

Back 12

many fibers

Front 13

motor unit is the

Back 13

smallest functional unit

Front 14

neuron meets fiber at

Back 14

neuromuscular junction

Front 15

acetylcholine excites

Back 15

muscle, causing contraction

Front 16

antagonistic muscles work in

Back 16

concert
flexors vs extensors
(i.e. biceps and triceps)

Front 17

myasthenia gravis is an

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autoimmune disorder

Front 18

myasthenia gravis has antibodies against

Back 18

ACh receptors

Front 19

symptoms of myasthenia gravis

Back 19

progressive weakness
rapid fatigue of skeletal muscles

Front 20

myasthenia gravis has fewer

Back 20

ACh receptors

Front 21

myasthenia gravis undergoes

Back 21

morphological changes at synapse

Front 22

myasthenia gravis is responsible for the action of

Back 22

acetylcholinesterase

Front 23

myasthenia gravis is responsible for the action of acetylcholinesterase means

Back 23

a lower likelihood ACh reaches enough receptors

Front 24

treatment of myasthenia gravis

Back 24

immunosuppressants
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Front 25

fast-twitch fibers are used during

Back 25

sprinting

Front 26

fast-twitch fibers generate

Back 26

greatest force

Front 27

fast-twitch fibers fatigue

Back 27

rapidly

Front 28

fast-twitch fibers are

Back 28

anaerobic (do not require oxygen)

Front 29

fast-twitch fibers contract and relax

Back 29

rapidly

Front 30

slow-twitch fibers have a longer

Back 30

contraction time

Front 31

slow-twitch fibers are

Back 31

aerobic (require oxygen)

Front 32

slow-twitch fibers are resistant to

Back 32

fatigue

Front 33

slow-twitch fibers generate much less

Back 33

force

Front 34

slow-twitch fibers are used during

Back 34

walking

Front 35

proprioceptors are sensitive to

Back 35

position and movement of muscles

Front 36

proprioceptors detect

Back 36

muscular stretch and tension

Front 37

proprioceptors allow spinal cord to

Back 37

adjust signal

Front 38

two primary types of proprioceptors are

Back 38

muscle spindles, and golgi tendon organs

Front 39

muscle spindles are parallel

Back 39

to muscles

Front 40

muscle spindles senses

Back 40

stretch

Front 41

muscle spindles order

Back 41

muscle stretched-->signals to motor neuron in spinal cord-->muscle contraction

Front 42

negative feedback of muscle stretched

Back 42

stretch causes contraction

Front 43

muscle spindles stimulate

Back 43

STRETCH REFLEX (knee-jerk reflex)

Front 44

golgi tendon organs are located

Back 44

in tendons (connecting muscles to bone)

Front 45

golgi tendon organs senses

Back 45

tension

Front 46

golgi tendon organs order

Back 46

vigorous muscle contraction-->signal to spinal cord inhibitory interneurons-->inhibit motor neuron(inhibits contraction)

Front 47

negative feedback for golgi tendon organs

Back 47

tension causes muscle relaxation; a negative feedback system that regulates muscle tension; decreases the activation of a muscle when exceptionally large forces are generated and this way protects the muscles integrity

Front 48

golgi tendon organs protects against

Back 48

too vigorous a contraction

Front 49

reflexes are what kind of responses to stimuli?

Back 49

consistent, automatic

Front 50

whats ann example of a reflex?

Back 50

babinski reflex (if you stroke the sole of the foot, the infant extends the big toe and fans the others)

Front 51

allied reflexes occur

Back 51

together/illicit each other

Front 52

ballistic movements are executed as

Back 52

a whole

Front 53

ballistic movements cannot be

Back 53

corrected/not sensitive to feedback

Front 54

whats an example of a ballistic movement?

Back 54

reflexes

Front 55

most movements are subject to

Back 55

feedback

Front 56

motor programs are neural circuits that

Back 56

produce fixed sequence of movements

Front 57

neural circuits are predictable

Back 57

motor sequences

Front 58

there are two types of neural circuits

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built-in ( rodent grooming, yawning) vs learned (gymnast, pianist)

Front 59

neural circuits are produced by

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Central Pattern Generators or other mechanisms

Front 60

central pattern generators are natural

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mechanisms that generate rhythmic motor patterns (wet dog shake, wing flapping in birds, licking in rodents)

Front 61

the forebrain consists of

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the cortex and the basal ganglia

Front 62

the midbrain consists of

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the substantia nigra, the red nucleus, and the reticular formation

Front 63

major motor areas of the hindbrain are

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cerebellum, reticular formation and vestibular nucleus

Front 64

primary motor cortex is involved with

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coordinated movements in several muscles leading to a specific outcome

Front 65

posterior parietal cortex is involved with

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coordinating movement through the environment based on visual input

Front 66

prefrontal cortex is involved with

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planning movement

Front 67

premotor cortex is involved with

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planning movement

Front 68

supllementary cortex is involved with

Back 68

preparation for rapid sequences of movement

Front 69

what are two primary motor pathways to the spinal cord?

Back 69

dorsolateral tract and ventromedial tract

Front 70

posterior parietal cortex is involved with

Back 70

coordinating movement through the environment based on visual input

Front 71

prefrontal cortex is involved with

Back 71

planning movement

Front 72

premotor cortex is involved with

Back 72

planning movement

Front 73

supllementary cortex is involved with

Back 73

preparation for rapid sequences of movement

Front 74

what are two primary motor pathways to the spinal cord?

Back 74

dorsolateral tract and ventromedial tract

Front 75

the dorsolateral tract carries

Back 75

axons from primary motor cortex and surrounding areas and from the red nucleus (midbrain) to spinal interneurons controlling spinal motor neurons

Front 76

dorsolateral tract crosses over

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to the contralateral side at the pyramids in the ventral portion of the anterior medulla (also referred to as pyramidal tract)

Front 77

the dorsolateral tract courses down the

Back 77

dorsolateral portion of the white matter of the spinal cord

Front 78

the dorsolateral tract controls

Back 78

movements of distal limbs including hands fingers and toes

Front 79

the ventromedial tract carries

Back 79

axons from primary motor cortex and many other cortical areas. Axons from the vestibular nucleus, tectum, and reticular formation also contribute. These axons synapse on spinal interneurons (and some motor neurons) controlling spinal motor neurons

Front 80

in the ventromedial tract some axons

Back 80

cross and others dont, providing bilateral innervation

Front 81

the ventromedial tract courses down

Back 81

the ventromedial portion of the white matter of the spinal cord

Front 82

the ventromedial tract controls movements of

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proximal limbs and axial musculature including neck, shoulders and trunk.

Front 83

the ventromedial tract is involved with

Back 83

with gross movements and posture

Front 84

the cerebellum contains

Back 84

more neurons than the rest of the structures of the brain combined

Front 85

the cerebellum is involved in

Back 85

control of rapid ballistic movements(including saccades), timing and establishment of new motor programs

Front 86

cerebellar damage affects

Back 86

tapping a rhythm, athletics, speaking and writing, typing, playing musical instruments, hand clapping (and other basic repetitive movements), simple saccades, finger to nose test

Front 87

the basal ganglia consists of

Back 87

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

Front 88

caudate nucleus is primarily

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input area. receives info from sensory areas of the thalamus and cortex. also receives important dopaminergic projection from the substantia nigra in the midbrain

Front 89

putamen is

Back 89

the same as the caudate nucleus

Front 90

the globulus pallidus is primarily

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an output area. it sends info to the thalamus, which in turn sends info to motor and prefrontal cortex. it also sends information to midbrain

Front 91

what is the role of the basal ganglia?

Back 91

organization of action sequences into chunks, inhibition of specific motor responses

Front 92

some of the roles of the basal ganglia can be understood by

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examining the consequences of parkinsons disease

Front 93

prakinsons disease is the

Back 93

degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra projecting to the caudate nucleus and putamen

Front 94

parkinsons affects

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rigidity, muscle tremors, slow movements, difficulty initiating movement, sometimes associated with depression, sometimes associated with cognitive deficits, affects 1 in 100 above age 50

Front 95

possible causes of parkinsons disease

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early onset (before 50) has a genetic predisposition, possible environmental influences (toxins)

Front 96

parkinsons and cigarette smoke and coffee

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helps!

Front 97

treatment of parkinsons disease

Back 97

L-Dopa

Front 98

L-Dopa

Back 98

unlike dopamine, L-Dopa can cross blood-brain barrier where it is absorbed by neurons and can increase dopamine production

Front 99

L-Dopa can't restore

Back 99

degenerated neurons, effectiveness declines as the disease progresses; side effects are a problem

Front 100

other possible treatments of parkinsons

Back 100

antioxidant drugs to decrease further damage; Dopaminergic agonists that can cross blood-brain barrier; glutamate or adeonsine antagonists; drugs that block certain calcium channels abundant in elderly brains; neurotrophins to promote growth and survival of neurons; drugs that decrease aptosis; drugs that stimulate cannabinoid receptors; inactivating electrical stimulation of globus pallidus; fetal tissue transplants