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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Systems for speech:
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1. Resonance
2. Articulatory 3. Respiratory 4. Phonatory 5. Prosody |
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Disorders of speech resulting from neurologic impairment affecting the motor programming (apraxia)or neuromuscular execution (dysarthria)of speech.
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Motor Speech Disorder
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Thoughts converted to verbal symbols according to language rules
-disorders: Aphasia and Dimentia |
Cognitive-Linguistic Process
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Verbal message organized for muscular execution
-Disorders: Apraxia |
Motor-Speech Programming
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CNS+PNS activity execute speech-motor programs
-Disorders: Dysarthria |
Neuromuscular Execution
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Disorder of neuromuscular Execution
-refers to disorder utterance -7 types related to speech |
Dysarthria
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Impaired production of speech due to disturbances in the muscular control of the speech production mechanism
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Dysarthria
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A group of speech disorders resulting from disturbances in muscular control over the speech mechanism due to damage of CNS/PNS. It designates the problem in oral communication due to paralysis, weakness or incoordination of the speech musculature, or combo of these
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Dysarthria
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Dyarthria is:
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-neurologic in origin
-due to CNS or PNS damage -diorder of movement due to abnormal neuromuscular execution -affects speed, range, strength, timing, accuracy -affects repira, phon.,reson., artic., prosody subdivided into diff. toyes each with own lesion |
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Deficit in the ability to smoothly sequence the speech producing movements of the lips, tongue, and jaw
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Apraxia
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A neurogenic speech disorder resulting from impairment of the capacity to program sensorimotor commands for the positioning and movement of muscles for the volitional prod. of speech. It can occur w/out sig. weakness or neuromuscular slowness and in the absence of disturbances of consious thought or language.
-can occur with dysarthria, dementia or aphasia or by itself |
Apraxia
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-common association with stroke and other neurologic disorders
-rep. a significant proportion of comm. disorders |
Motor Speech Disorders
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Methods for studying and categorizing Motor Speech Disorders
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1. Perceptual
2. Acoustic 3. Subjective 4. Physiological |
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How do they sound? What does it look like?
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Perceptual study method
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Confirms perceptual. Measure acoustic signal (numeric). Give quantitaive data (Visipitch, CSL) of intensity, rate, frequency
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Acoustic study method
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? it's reliability ****Gold standard of study
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Subjective method of study
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Looking at biomechanical activity
-measure muscle tone -Quantitative data EMG |
Physiological method of study
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Characterizing motor speech disorders.
Look at: |
1.age of onset: congential or aquired?
2.course 3. site of lesion 4. neurologic diagnosis 5. pathophysiology 6. speech components 7. severity 8. perceptual charac. |
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Chronic
stationary improving progressive degenerative exacerbating remitting |
Course of motor speech disorders
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weakness
rigidity spasticity |
Pathophysiology of motor speech disorders
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Respiration
phonation articulation |
Speech components of motor speech disorder
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Disease category that declines in function
-ALS |
Degenerative
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Disease catergories
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1. degenerative
2. inflammatory 3. toxic 4. neoplastic 5. traumatic 6. vascular |
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Disease category that are focal and typically cause and absess (hole)
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Inflammatory
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Disease category that is metabolic
-drug toxicity or liver disease |
Toxic
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Disease category with tumors
-astrocytoma |
Neoplastic
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Disease catorgory with injuries
-closed head injury |
Traumatic
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Disease category with most common cuase of motor speech disorders
-CVA,stroke |
Vascular
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Types of CVA
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Bleed:
1. Hemmorhagic-in bleeding Occlusive: 2. embolic-travelling clot 3. Thrombotic- blood clot formed but grew in place to stop blood flow |
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Types of disease course:
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1. transient
2. improving 3. progressive 4. exacerbating 5. stationary |
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Disease course where symptoms resolve completely after onset
-i.e. transient ischemic attack |
Transient
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Disease course where severity is reduced but symptoms aren't resolved
-i.e. stroke |
Improving
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Disease course where symptoms continue to progress or new ones appear
-i.e. Parkinson's, ALS |
Progressive
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Disease course which is remitting, symptoms develop, improve, recur, worsen
-i.e. MS |
Exacerbating
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Disease course where symtpoms remain unchanged after they reach max. severity
-i.e. CP |
Stationary
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Types of disease localizing
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1. Focal
2. Multifocal 3. Diffuse |
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Type of disease localizing which involves a single area or contiguous group of structures
-i.e. one stroke |
Focal
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Type of disease localizing which involves more than 1 area or group of structures, but not all over
-i.e. 2 or 3 strokes |
Multifocal
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Type of disease localizing which involves roughly symmetric portions of the NS bilatterally
-i.e. Diffuse Axonal injury |
Diffuse
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Symptom development types:
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1. acute- minutes
2. subacute- days 3. chronic- months |
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One of several major subdivisions of the NS
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Motor system
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PNS parts:
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12 cranial nerves (exit brain)and 31 spinal nerves (exit spinal cord)
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CNS parts
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Brain and spinal cord
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Nerves:
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CNS- called upper motor neurons
PNS- called lower motor neurons |
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Nerves that project from parts of CNS that are w/in cranium they innervate many organs and muscles of the head, neck, thorax and abdomen
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Cranial
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Nerves that branch from spinal cord and innervate most of the other muscles of the body including the chest, arms and legs
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Spinal
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-key component of NS
- alomost all aspects/activity of NS originate and are processed here -commands to mucles for vol. motor begin here -recieves sensory info. from body and controls cognitive functions (reasoning, memory, lang., imagining) -split into cerebrum, brain, stem, cerebellum |
Brain
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-separated into R/L hemispheres
-spe. by longitudinal fissure -4 lobes |
Cerebrum
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runs from front to back along middle brain
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Longitudinal fissure
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convolutions of the cerebrum
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gyrus
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grooves between the gyri
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sulcus
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4 lobes of the brain:
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Frontal
Parietal Occiptial Temporal |
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Most prominant sulcus
-runs horiz. along the lateral sides of each hemis. -sep. temporal from frontal |
Lateral Sulcus
Sylvian Fissure |
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Sulcus located near center of lateral side of each hemis. and extends vertically from very top of the hemis. down to the lateral sulcus
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Central sulcus
Rolandic Fissure |
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Gyrus immediately in front of central sulcus
-organized according to functional movement |
Pre-central Gyrus or
Motor Strip |
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Gyrus immediately behind the central sulcus
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Post-central Gyrus or
Sensory strip (Primary Sensory Cortex) |
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Figure that reps. what areas are going to be responsible for what areas of the body on the motor strip
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Homunculus "HAL"
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Nerve cells in pre-central gyrus play an imp. role in controlling ________ ________ of the body
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voluntary movements
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name for cell bodies
-higher cog. levels here (i.e. lang., motor planning, prob. solving) |
Grey matter
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name for neurons
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White matter
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-surface of cerebrum
-2-5mm thick -6 layers of NS cells -"grey" matter -1/3 is visible (rest hidden by sulci) -laid flat 340 sq. in. -1 of most imp. NS parts |
Cerebral Cortex
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Covering of CNS
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Meningies
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Minigie types:
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Dura mater
Arachnoid membrane (web like) Pia mater (flush with brain) |
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name for nerves in the CNS
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tracts
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name for nerves in the PNS
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Nerves
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Area of brain that acts as a passage-way for descending + ascending nerual tracts that travel between the cerebrum + Spinal cord
-cranial nerves exit the brain here |
Brainstem
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Brainstem parts:
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Midbrain
Pons Medulla |
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"grey" matter area running through brain stm which is part of the RAS
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Reticular formation
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System important for attention, conciousness
-damage may lead to coma -send alert to rest of brain (Thalamus decides where it should go) |
Reticular Activiating System (RAS)
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Part of brain that controls certain integrative and reflexive actions such as respiration, conciousness, and some cardiovascular
-contains places where cranial nerves project out form the CNS |
Brainstem
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Convey motor impulses from CNS to muscles of the larynx, face, tongue, pharynx and velum
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Cranial Nerves
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Points where cranial nerves are attached to brainstem
-located w/in brainstem -begin PNS |
Cranial Nerve Nuclei
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Cranial nerve for:
-Somatosensory info for face and head(touch and pain) -muscles for chewing -bilateral UMN inner. -ipsilateral LMN inner. -*sens. + motor comp |
V. Trigeminal
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Cranial nerve for:
- Taste on ANTERIOR 2/3 of tongue -somatosensory info for ear -muscles for facial expression - bilateral UMN: forehead - contralateral UMN: lower face - ipsilateral UMN: forehead/face *sens.+ motor comp |
VII. Facial
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Cranial nerve for:
- Taste on POSTERIOR 1/3 of tongue - Somatosensory for tongue, tonsil, pharynx -controls some swallowing muscles -bilateral UMN inner -Ipsilateral LMN inner. -*sens. + motor comp. |
IX. Glossopharyngeal
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Cranial nerve for:
-conrols muscles of larynx and pharynx -bilateral UMN inner -bilat, ipsilat, contra. LMN inner -*sens. + motor comp |
x. Vagus
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Cranial nerve for:
-controls muscles used in head movement (neck and shoulders) -bilateral |
XI. Spinal Accessory
*Test: head turn +shrug shoulders w/ and w/out resis. |
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Cranial nerve for:
-Controls tongue muscles -contralateral UMN inner -Ipsilateral LMN inner -*motor comp only |
XII. Hypoglossal
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Bilateral innervation:
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Both L and R sends commands
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Ipsilateral innervation:
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1 side only sends commands
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Contralateral innervation:
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L sends commands to R
R sends to L |
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Constrictive pushing movement through muscle tube (esophagus)
-associated w/ Vagus -snake like |
Peristalsis
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Area of brain attached to back of brainstem
-makes neural connections w/ cerebral cortex and other CNS parts -coor. vol. muscle movements they contract at right time with right force -damage= sig. deficits in performance of both gross and skilled motor activities/actions |
Cerebellum
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When cranial nerves leave pre-central gyrus and are fanned out before they come together
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Coronaradiata
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When cranial nerves come together around the area of basal ganglia message comes down and lands on cell body and crosses over and shoots out of spinal cord to go to muscle to innervate it (then it is called a nerve)
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Internal Capsule
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Nerves ABOVE the synapse
-all the way until it hits the cell body damage= malfunction is on opp. side because it hs not crossed over yet |
Upper Motor Neurons
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Nerves BELOW the cell body
-outside of the spinal cord -damage= malfunction is on same side |
Lower Motor Neurons
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Neurons that transmit neural impulses that cuase contractions in muscle and therby cause movement
-efferent |
Motor Neuron
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Neurons that carry info. related to sensory stimuli
-afferent |
Sensory Neuron
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Links neurons with other neurons and form conections
-role in controlling movement |
Interneurons
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Transmitting impulses away from CNS
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Efferent
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Transmitting impulses toward the CNS
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Afferent
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Usuallu found in coursing bundles in the body
-often functionally related to each other |
Axons
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Bundles of axons in CNS
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Tracts
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Bundles of axons outside of CNS
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Nerves
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Types of fibers:
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Commisural
Association Projection |
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Fibers between hemisphere
-ex. corpus collosum |
Commisural fibers
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Fibers that connect 1 part of a hemis.
-ex. arcuite fasciculus |
Association fibers
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Fibers that travel between higher and lower levels of CNS
-ex. cortex to brainstem portion |
Projection fibers
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Tract from cortex to cranial nerves
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Corticobulbar tract
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Tract from cortex to reticular activating system in brain stem for activation
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Corticoreticular tract
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System of voluntary movement
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Pyramidal system
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PArts of Pyramidal system:
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Motor strip
Corona Radiata Internal capsule |
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System involved in postural support for skilled volun. movements of pyramidal system
-comprised of diff. tracts: corticoreticular corticrubral:maint. of posture/tone Thalmucortical |
Extrapyramidal System
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System reposnsible for all motor activity involving striated muscle
-essential for normal relfexes -maintaining muscle tone/posture -planning initiiation and control of vol. movement |
Motor System
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Primary motor pathway
-brgins in cortex and ends in spine |
Corticospinal pathway
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Primary Cortex
-for hearing |
Heschl's Gyrus
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Association cortex for interpretting information
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Weirnicke's area
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Cotex that comprises parts of cerebellum dedicated to analysis of a single type of neural imput
-divided into areas for aud., visual, sensory, motor |
Primary Cortex
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Cortex for :
-analyzing tone patterns and sound prop. -localizing sound *uppermost Temporal Lobe |
Primary Aud. Cortex
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Cortex for:
-analysis of depth -integration of eye visual info. -damage=loss of conciousness *most posterior end of occipital |
Primary Vicual cortex
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Cortex for:
-recieves info about body sensations: pressure, temp, touch, pain *on postcentral gyrus |
Primary Sensory cortex
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Cortex for:
-recieves planned motor impulses form the brain and send them down |
Primary Motor cortex
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Cotexes that make senseof sensory impulses that have been initially analyzed by primary cortex
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Association cortex
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Association cortex that:
-recog. complex visual stimuli -aud. stimuli -formulation of memory |
Temporal
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Association cortex that:
-access to brain sensory areas -recieves emotion info. |
Frontal
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Association cortex that:
-integrating body sensation with visual info. |
Parietal
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Association cortex that:
-recieves visual sensory impulses |
Visual
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Term for lack of recognition of one's own deficits
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Agnosagnosia
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Areas which connect association and primary cortexes and take the info and smooth in out
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Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
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Structure of brain which is subcortical "grey" matter
- 3 structures that make up striatum -contians complex network of neural pathways -recieves neural info from many areas of cortex Much of it's info is sent to thalamus |
Basal Ganglia
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Black susbstance
-just below BG -prod. dopamine-helps w/ proper neuron function -connected to striatum |
Substantia Nigra
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Brain structure that regulates muscle tone
-maintains balance -coor. skilled movements -gives access to info. about body balance, position, posture damage= ataxia |
Cerebellum
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Brain sturcture located behind BG
-doorway through which subcortical systems of NS comm. w/ cerebral cortex -recieves inputs of planned motor movements -practically every sensory impulse from body passes through |
Thalamus
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UMN damage=
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Spasticity-muscles high in tone
"Spastic dysarthria" |
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LMN damage=
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WEakness to muscle paralysis
"flaccid dysarthria" |
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Place where neural impulses arrives so a muscle contracts to cause a movement
-axon of LMN makes a synaptic connection to muscle by releasing acetocholine |
Neuromuscular Junction
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Final common pathway
damage=weakness/paralysis |
LMN, cranial nerves in neuromuscular junction
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Direct activation pathway
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Motor strip, Pyramidal system
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Indirect activation pathway
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Extrapyramidal
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Control circuits
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Cerebellum, BG
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