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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motor skills |
Activities are tasks that require voluntary control over movement of the joints and body segments to achieve a goal. These are skills, action, movements,And neuromotor processes. |
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Motor learning |
The acquisition of motor skills the performance enhancement of learned or highly experienced motor skills or the acquisition of the skills that are difficult to perform or cannot be performed because of injury disease and the the like. Of interest are the behavioral and/or neurological changes that occur as a person learns a motor skill and the variables that influence those changes |
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Motor control |
How our neuromuscular system functions to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of the motor skill. researchers May investigate this question while a person is learning a new skill or performing a well learned or highly experienced skill. |
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skill ( 2 ways term is used) |
A) An activity or toss that has a specific purpose or goal to achieve B) an indicator of quality of performance |
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Motor development |
Human development from infancy to old age with the specific interest in issues related to either motor learning or motor control |
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Skill Criterion |
First Criterion is the extent to which the person can constantly achieve the goal of the task Second Criterion is the extent to which the person can achieve the task under a range of different conditions Final creation used to assess individuals level of skills in the degree of efficiency |
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Actions are Define same as |
Motor skills |
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Cognitive skill |
Skill requires decision-making problem-solving remembering and that a alike |
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One two three characteristic of skills and actions |
First there is a goal to achieve Second types of motor skills of interest in the tax are performed voluntarily Third motor skills require movement of joints and body segments to accomplish the goal of the task |
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A variety of movement can accomplish the same action goal |
Single but can achieve it in many different ways |
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Numero motor processes |
Are the mechanisms within the central and peripheral nervous system as well as the muscular system that underlie the controlled movements and actions |
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Why distinguish actions movements and neuromotor processes? |
Purpose is to teach and develop problem-solving skills not all people can do a goal with the same movement |
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Gross motor skills |
Large musculature |
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Fine motor skills |
Small muscles |
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Discrete motor skills |
A motor skill which clearly defines move it beginning and end points usually requiring a simple movement |
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Continuous motor skill |
He motor skill which arbitrary movement beginning and end points the skills usually involve repetitive movements |
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Serial motor skills |
A motor skill involving a series of discrete skills |
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Environmental context |
The supporting surface objects and or other people or animals involved in the merriment and what's the skills performed |
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Closed motor skill |
A motor skill performed in a stationary environment where the performer determines went to begin the action AKA self-paced |
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Open motor skill |
A motor skill performed in a moving environment where the feature of the environment context in motion determines when should begin in the action AKA externally paced |
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The two dimensions of Gentile's taxonomy |
1.environment tell contacts in which the person performs the skill 2.The function of the action characterizing the skill |
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Environmental context: regulatory conditions |
Features of the environment to which movements must conform if they are to achieve the action goal. they regulate spatial and temporal aspects of movement
Important to note: that regulatory conditions do not refer to characteristics of a person's movement but only to characteristics in the environmental context in which the skills is performed |
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Intertrial variability |
And environment characteristic of Gentiles taxonomy of motor skills the term refers to whether the regulatory conditions associated with the performance of the skill change or stay the same from one trial to the next |
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Nonregulatory conditions |
Features of the environmental context that have no influence or only an indirect influence on movement characteristics |
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Taxonomy body orientation |
Refers to the changing or manipulating of body location |
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Two action functions |
Body orientation and manipulation |
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Body stability |
Refers to skills that involve no change in the body location during the performance of the skill such as standing drinking a cup from a cup and shooting an arrow in archery |
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Object manipulation |
Refers to maintaining or changing the position of an object such as a ball to or other person |
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Performance |
-Observable Behavior - temporary -may not be due to practice -may be influenced by performance variables |
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Learning |
-Inferred from performance -relatively permanent -due to practice -not influenced by performance variables |
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6 performance characteristics as skill learning takes place |
Improvement consistency stability persistence adaptability reduction of attention demand |
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Improvement |
Improvement over period of time |
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Consistency |
Person's performance characteristics to become more similar |
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Stability |
The influence on skill performance of perturbations which are internal or external conditions that can disrupt performance |
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Performance curve |
Line graph describing performance in which the level of achievement of a performance measure is plotted for a specific sequence of time EG sec minutes days or trials the units of the performance measures are on the y-axis and the time units or trials are on the x-axis the curve is sometimes referred to as the learning curve |
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Persistence |
Person progress in learning the skill the Improvement performance capability continues(persits) over increasing periods of time |
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Adaptability |
Successful skill performance require ability to changes in personal tasks and or Environmental characteristics |
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Reduction in attention |
You're able to do two things at once once the skill is efficiently learned. |
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Linear curve |
Proportional performance increases over time |
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Negatively accelerated curve |
Large amount of improvement occurs early and practice with smaller amounts of improvement later |
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Positively accelerated curve |
Slightly performance gain early and practice but substantially increase later in practice |
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Ogive or S-shaped curve |
Combination of all three curves |
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Kinematic measures involve |
Performance for a period of time within a trial |
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Retention test |
Test of a practiced skill that a learner performs a following an interval of time after practice has ceased. |
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Transfer test |
Test in which a person performs a skill that is different from the skill he or she practiced or performs the practiced skill in context or situation different from practice context or situation |
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Learning involves |
The transition from the initial movement coordination pattern (intrinsic dynamics) represented by a preferred coordination pattern the person exhibits when 1st attempting the new skill, to the established of the new coordination |
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Performance plateau |
Learning a shill a period if tone in which the learner experiences no improvement after having experienced consistent improvement. Typically , the leather then experiences further improvements with continued practice |
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Plateaus |
Are performance rather than learning characteristics |
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Floor effect |
Minimum amount of time in which something can be performed |
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Ceiling effect |
Maximum score that can be attained |
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Movement |
Specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments used to accomplish action goals |
