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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the initial stage of the underhand roll?
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-Straddle Stance
-Ball held with both hands on the sides, palms facing each other -Acute bend at waist, with backward pendulum motion of arms -Eyes monitor ball -Forward arms swings and trunk lift as ball is released |
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What is the initial stage of throwing?
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-Action is from elbow
-Elbow remains in front of body; action resembles push -Fingers spread at release -Follow through forward and downward -Trunk remains perpendicular to target -Feet remain stationary |
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What is the initial stage of catching?
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-Avoidance
-Arms extended in front of body -Scooping motion -Fingers are extended |
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What is the initial stage of kicking?
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-Movements are restricted during kicking motion
-Trunk remains erect -Arms used to maintain balance -Movement of kicking leg is limited in back swing -Little follow through -A pushing rather than a striking action |
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What is the initial stage of dribbling?
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-Ball is held with two hands
-Hands placed on side of ball with palms facing each other -Downward thrusting action with both hands -Ball contacts surface close to the body and may contact foot -Variation in height of bounce -Repeated bounce and catch pattern |
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What is the initial stage of striking?
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-Motion is from back to front
-Feet remain stationary -Trunk faces direction of tossed ball -No trunk rotation -Elbows are fully flexed |
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What is the elementary stage of the underhand roll?
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-Stride Stance
-Ball held with one hand on bottom and the other on top -Backward arm swing without weight transfer to the rear -Limited knee bend -Forward swing with limited follow-through -Ball released between knee and waist level |
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What is the elementary stage of throwing?
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-Ball is held behind head
-Arm is swung forward, high over shoulder -Trunk rotates toward throwing side during preparation -Shoulders rotate toward throwing side -Trunk flexes forward with forward motion of throwing arm -Definite forward shift of body weight -Homolateral step |
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What is the elementary stage of catching?
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-Avoidance is still noticeable
-Arms trap ball -On contact hands attempt to squeeze object in a poorly time, uneven motion |
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What is the elementary stage of kicking?
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-Preparatory back swing is centered at the knee
-Kicking leg tends to remain bent throughout the kick -Follow through is limited to forward movement of the knee -One or more deliberate steps are taken town the ball |
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What is the elementary stage of dribbling?
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-Ball is held with both hands; one on top and the other near the bottom
-Slight forward lean with the ball brought to chest level -Downward thrust with top hand and arm -Force of downward thrust is inconsistent -Hands slaps at a ball for subsequent bounces -Child visually monitors ball -Limited control of ball while dribbling |
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What is the elementary stage of striking?
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-Trunk is turned to the side in anticipation of tossed ball
-Weight shifts to forward foot prior to ball contact -Combined trunk/hip rotation -Elbows are flexed at less acute angles -Force comes from extensions of flexed joints |
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What is the mature stage of the underhand roll?
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-Preferred hand swings down and back, reaching behind the trunk while chest faces cones
-Strides forward with foot opposite the preferred hand toward the cones -Bends knees to lower the body -Releases ball close to the floor so the ball does not bounce more than 4 inches high |
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What is the mature stage of throwing?
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-Downward arc of throwing arm initiates the windup
-Hips and shoulders rotate to a point where the non-throwing side faces the wall -Step with opposition -Diagonal follow through across body to non-preferred side |
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What is the mature stage of catching?
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-Preparation phase where hands are in front of the body and elbows are flexed
-Arms extend while reaching for the ball as it arrives -Object is caught by hands only |
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What is the mature stage of kicking?
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-A rapid, continuous approach to the ball
-Elongated stride or leap immediately prior to ball contact -Non-kicking foot placed with or slightly in back of ball -Kicks ball with instep of preferred foot (shoelaces or toes) |
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What is the mature stage of dribbling?
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-Student contacts ball with one hand at belt level
-Fingers push ball -Ball contacts in front of or to the outside of foot on preferred side -Maintain control of ball for 4 consecutive bounces without having to move the feet to retrieve it |
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What is the mature stage of striking?
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-Dominant hand grip bat above non dominant hand
-Non-dominant side of body faces the tosser -Hip and spine rotation -Weight is transferred by stepping with front foot -Bat controls ball |
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What are the cues for the underhand roll?
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-Snake
-Pendulum -Bowling |
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What are the cues for throwing?
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-Ball
-Step -Throw |
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What are the cues for the overhand toss?
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-Point
-Step -Waist/belt/belly button |
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What are the cues for catching?
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-2 hands
-above/below ball -squeeze |
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What are the cues for kicking?
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-Step/Run
-Swing -Laces |
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What are the cues for dribbling?
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-Waist
-Fingertips -Head-up |
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What are the cues for striking?
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-Eyes on ball
-Step -Squish the bug -Rock and Roll -2 Hands -Hug |
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What are the developmental difficulties for the underhand roll?
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-Failure to transfer body weight to rear foot during initial part of action
-Failure to place controlling hand directly under ball -Releasing the ball above waist level |
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What are the developmental difficulties for throwing?
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-Forward movement of foot on same side as throwing arm
-Inhibited backswing -Failure to rotate hips as throwing arm is brought forward |
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What are the developmental difficulties for catching?
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-Failure to maintain control of object
-Failure to give with the catch -Closing eyes |
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What are the developmental difficulties for kicking?
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-Restricted of absent backswing
-Tendency to lose balance -Poor opposition of arms and legs |
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What are the developmental difficulties for striking?
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-Failure to focus on and track the ball
-Improper grip -Poor backswing |
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What are the developmental difficulties for dribbling?
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-Slapping at the ball instead of pushing it downward
-Inconsistent force applied to downward thrust -Inability to dribble with both hands |
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What is assessment?
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A collection of relevant information for the purpose of making reliable curricular decisions and discrimination's among students
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Why is assessment an important part of any physical education program?
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Assessment is an important aspect of any sound physical education program because it helps teachers’ measure students’ current level of ability, students’ progress, and their own teaching effectiveness.
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What are the types of assessment?
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-Formal
-Informal |
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What is informal assessment?
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-Can be and SHOULD be observed everyday
-Observed during tasks (psychomotor) – rubrics/checklist used during class -Short answer quizzes in class -Do not require parental permission |
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What is formal assessment?
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-Must follow protocol of test if using norms
-Requires parental permission if student is singled out -No feedback is given |
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What does it mean if a test is valid?
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The test measures what is suppose to be measured
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What does it mean if a test is reliable?
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You would get consistent scores with no intervention
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What does it mean if a test is objective?
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The test is free of bias
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What is the testing environment determined by?
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Whether or not the test is formal or informal.
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Who are the variables in a test determined by?
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This is determined by the teacher.
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How the the variables of the test determined?
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It is determined by the goals and objectives for the topic of instruction.
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During class testing what are the three of the most common tests a physical education teacher can administer?
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-Skill Testing
-Cognitive Testing -Physical Fitness Testing |
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When is individual student testing used?
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If the general physical education teacher is responsible for adapted physical education placement decisions in their school.
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What are norm referenced tests?
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-Quantitative in nature
-Easy to administer -Comparison students scores with similar groups -Results show where the student stands in relation to peers |
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What are criterion referenced tests?
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-Qualitative in nature
-Process oriented instead of product oriented -Comparison against level of mastery (technique) |
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What does TGMD stand for?
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Test of Gross Motor Development
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At what ages is the TGMD used for?
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3-10 years old
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What are the two subsets of the TMGD?
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Manipulative and Locomotor
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How many gross motor skills are assessed?
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12
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What does the TGMD assess?
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Individual student progress, and it evaluated the PE program.
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Is the TGMD focused on qualitative or quantitative?
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Qualitative (process oriented)
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What type of equipment is required for the TGMD?
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General equipment that all PE classes should have.
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What should the teacher know before administering the TGMD?
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-Teacher needs to be able to know the mature stage for each of the skill tests in order to properly assess each student. Teacher needs to know proper demos.
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How many demonstrations can the teacher give for the TGMD?
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Only 1
UNLESS the student has a disability and seems confused, they may demonstrate again |
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How many practice trials does a student get in the TGMD?
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Only 1
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How many attempts does the student get for the TGMD?
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2 attempts
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How many trials are scored for the TGMD?
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2
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If the skill is performed correctly, how many points are given in the TGMD?
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1
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If the skill is performed incorrectly, how many points are given in the TGMD?
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0
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How many possible points are available for each subset?
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48
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What is the GMQ? What does it tell you?
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Gross motor Quotient. It is the sum of each sub set.
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What are the scores and ranking for the GMQ?
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-ABOVE 130 = Very Superior
-121-130= Superior -111-120= Above Average -90-110= Average -80-89=Below Average -70-79=Poor -BELOW 70 = Very poor |
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What are specialized movements?
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-Are more fundamental movement patterns that are refined and combined to complex movement skills
-Are task specific (where as FMS are not) -There is a proficiency barrier -Little changes to one form occur during specialized movement phase -Refinement and stylistic variation can occur |
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What are the three stages in the Specialized movement phase?
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Transitional
Application Lifelong Utilization |
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What happens in the transitional stage of the specialized movement phase?
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-7 – 10 Years of age
-First attempts to refine/combine mature movement patterns -Increased interest in physical activity for youth (not so much today) -Children’s level of completion increases -Accuracy and skill in lead-up activities -Individual gets the idea of how to perform the motor skill -Skill and proficiency are still limited |
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What happens in the application stage of the specialized movement phase?
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-11 – 13 Years of age
-Aware of physical assets and limitations -Individual focuses on certain types of sports -Emphasis on improving proficiency -Practice;Practice;Practice -Complex skills are refined and used in official sports and recreational activities - Leisure and competitive |
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What happens in the lifelong utilization stage of the specialized movement phase?
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-Selects a few activities to regularly participate in
-Fine tuning stage -Lifetime activities are chosen by personal interests; availability; and past experiences -Limited opportunities due to increased responsibilities and commitments |
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According to Clark's Journal Article what is the reflexive period?
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-3rd gestational month to 2 weeks after birth
-Primitive reflexes that help insure survival of the newborn |
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According to Clark's Journal Article what is the pre-adapted period?
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- Begins around 2 weeks
-When infants behavior is no longer reflexive |
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According to Clark's Journal article what is the fundamental patterns period?
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Distinguished by locomotor and manipulative coordination patterns that will serve as the basis for later emerging culturally specific motor skills
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According to Clark's Journal article what is the context-specific period?
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-Extending and elaborating movement
-Movement begins to refine, elaborate and combine movements into early forms of culturally specified motor skills. |
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According to Clark's Journal article what is the skillful period?
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-Nears the peak of the mountain
-Not quit an expert yet, to be expert takes years of practice in one particular movement. |
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According to Clark's Journal article what is the compensation period?
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-When we need to compensate for changes in our organism constraints
-Typically happens after injury, disease, or other changes in our body that require modifications to our movements. |
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What does Gallahue's hourgalss model provide?
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Gallahue’s Life Span Model of Motor Development provides general guidelines for describing and explaining motor behavior. It has universal age periods characterized by typical behaviors lasting for arbitrary lengths of time.
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What are Gallahue's 3 observale movement categories?
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-Stability (Standing)
-Locomotor (Crawl, Creep, Cruise, etc) -Manipulation (fine movement skills/tossing) |
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What is static balance?
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Balance while stationary
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What are axial movements?
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Static movements like reaching/twisting.
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What is dynamic balance?
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Balance while in motion.
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What are the phases in Gallahue's Hour Glass model?
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-Reflexive movement phase
-Rudimentary movement phase -Fundamental movement phase -Specialized movement phase |
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What are the stages that go along with Gallahue's reflexive movement phase?
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-Information encoding (fetal period to 4th months infancy) is the gathering stage that is characterized by observable involuntary movement activity during the fetal period until about the fourth month of infancy.
-Information decoding is the processing stage that begins around the 4th month. During this time there is gradual inhibition of many reflexes as higher brain centers continue to develop. |
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What are the stages that go along with Gallahue's rudimentary movement phase?
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-Reflex Inhibition Stage (In the reflexive movement phase): (birth – 1 year) Dying out reflexes turn into voluntary movement.
-Pre-Control Stage (In the reflexive movement phase): (1 years – 2 years) Babe has greater precision and control in their movements. |
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What are the stages that go along with Gallahue's fundamental movement phase?
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-Initial Stage (2-3 years) first attempts at running, skipping, throwing, catching.
-Elementary Stage (4-5 years) pieces coming together -Mature Stage (6-7 years) smooth and biomechanically efficient. Many adults ever reach the mature stage |
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What are the stages that go along with Gallahue's specialized movement phase?
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-Transitional Stage (7 years – 10 years) This stage is used in complex settings. This stage helps students increase motor control and competence via a variety of activities. (Part of SMP)
-Application Stage (11 years – 13 years) This is where more cognitive strategies come into play. There is an increased emphasis on form, skill, and accuracy. Kids also have a good sense of what they are good at and what they are bad at. (Part of SMP) -Lifelong Utilization Stage: (begins around 14 years-adulthood) Previous learned skills are carried over. There are a wide range of opportunities from daily living to professional. (Part of SMP) |
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What is the reflexive movement phase?
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The first movements the fetus makes are reflexive. Reflexives are involuntary, subcortically controlled movements that form the basis for the phases of motor development.
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What is the rudimentary movement phase?
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It goes from birth until 2 years. First forms of voluntary movement. A big influence on this phase is how much ‘play’ the baby gets.
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What is the fundamental movement phase?
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It goes from 2 until 7 years. This stage is foundational and a springboard for the future. Motor skill acquisition is dependent on quality instruction, quality practice, and quality feedback. This is the most important phase for teachers because this is the age when the children become students. What happens here determines future movement abilities.
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What is the specialized movement phase?
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This is a lifelong utilization phase. Movements become more natural and it transitions from transitional movement to specialized movements. The Fundamental movements are refined, combined and elaborated upon.
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What are the two types of reflexive movement phase reflexes?
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Primitive reflexes: information gathering, nourishment seeking, and protective relfexes.
Postural reflexes: They are similar in appearance to later voluntary movements, but are still involuntary. These reflexes seem to serve as neuromotor testing devices for stability, locomotor, and manipulative mechanisms that will be used later with conscious control. |
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When does Gallahue's hour-glass turn over?
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Between 18-40
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What are the three points of the Triangle in Gallahue's hourglass model?
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-task
-individual -environment |
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Why does the sand begin to pour out of the hourglass?
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Becuase of heredity (limited control) and because of lifestyle (controllable factor).
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How can you make the sand fall slower from the hourglass?
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Live a healthy and active lifestyle.
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What are the similarities between Clarks mountain of motor development and Gallahue's hourglass?
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They both have a base with general and basic skills.
They both have a peak where mature patterns are reached in specific skills. |
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What is youth sport?
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Activities taking place outside of the school day.
Youth Sport have increased for boys and girls since Title IX |
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What should healthy participation in youth sport be?
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-Safe!
-Well trained coaches -Instill lifelong involvement in physical activity -Allow youth to discover their capabilities -Stress sensitive and caring |
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What are the benefits of youth sport?
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Permits individuals at the transitional and application stages to improve their skill and be physically active
It improves academic performance Increased self esteem and physical activity (dependent of parents and coaches) Improves physical fitness Deterrent to negative behaviors Appropriate adult role models |
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What are the negative aspects of youth sport?
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-Competitive sports should never be considered the only skill outlet for youth
-Inappropriate role models -Not all sports available to kids due to socio-economic status -Some research suggest that children should be at least 8 years old to participate in youth sport. |
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What are the National Standard for youth sport?
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-Quality sports environment
-Sports participation should be fun and a portion of a child’s life -Training and Accountability -Screening Process -Parents’ Commitment -Sportsmanship -Safe Playing Environment -Equal Play Opportunity -Drug, Tobacco, Alcohol and Performance Enhancer- Free Environment |
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When classifying movement by function, the three functional categories are locomotion, manipulative, and __________
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Stability
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Children have the developmental potential to be at the mature stage of most __________ movement skills by what age six.
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Fundamental locomotor
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Standing is an example of a(n) __________ movement?
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Axial
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We can expect to see __________ performance scores in most fundamental movement tasks from year to year primarily because of learning and practice factors.
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Improved
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Between-child differences in all learning are related to what concept?
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The principle of individuality
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__________ is the most fundamental aspect of learning to move.
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Stability
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The eyes visually monitor the body at the __________ in many fundamental stability movements.
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Initial stage
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Propulsive movements are characterized by __________.
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Pushing
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Manipulative movements involve:
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Giving force to objects; Receiving force from an object
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Combinations and elaborations of fundamental movement skills are known as:
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Specialized movement skills
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Specialized movement skills have been adapted to the specific requirements of:
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Sport participation; Recreational activities; Daily living tasks
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Lifelong utilization stage generally refers to:
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Fine tuning the skill
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The correct sequence of stages, from lowest to highest, within the specialized movement skill phase is transition, __________, & __________:
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Application; lifelong utilization
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In softball/baseball, which manipulative skill serves as a foundation skill for the specialized movement skill bunting:
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Striking
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Which specialized movement skill in basketball utilizes the fundamental movement skills of leaping:
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Performing a lay-up
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It is essential for the instructor to know the learner in order to make a difference in __________.
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Motor development; Movement skill learning
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Leading a fast break in basketball represents an example of a(n) __________ skill:
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Externally paced
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In Gentile's stage "Getting the idea", the primary goal of the learner is to:
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Be ignorant about the task
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In the __________ stage, the cognitive state of the learner is one of making fine-tuned adjustments in skill performance based on unique strengths and weaknesses and attributes or limitations.
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Individualized
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A well-designed assessment instrument should have high:
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Validity
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A criterion-referenced assessment instrument is best described by which of the following statements:
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In the form of checklist, that checks whether or not a standard has been achieved by an individual
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A process instrument is best described by which of the following:
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Focus on the form, style, or mechanics used to perform the desired skill
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The fundamental challenge for one assessing motor behavior is to:
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Find the most appropriate assessment tools
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What items are tested in the Apgar screening test:
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Heart rate
Respiratory effort Irritability Color |
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Movement-oriented factors assessed with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency include:
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Gross motor development; Balance; Strength (arm, shoulder, abdominal, and leg); Upper limb coordination
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What can be used to test flexibility in adults over 60 according to the Functional Fitness Assessment for Adults over 60 Years:
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Trunk rotation test
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Naturalistic approaches to assessment increase the opportunity to evaluate an individual's motor performance from a much broader perspective that encompasses:
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The performer; The environment; The tack goal
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