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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Zygote
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fertilized egg with forty-six chromosomes
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During the ______ period, the zygote splits into two cell through a process called ________.
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1) germinal
2) mitosis |
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Zygotic Period (Conception-1st week)
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-unchanged in size
-approx. 50% of fertilized eggs spontaneously abort during the first trimester. |
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Embryonic Period (2nd-2nd month)
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-beginning of embryo
-three layers ectoderm-sense organs and nervous system develops and begins to form mesoderm-muscular, skeletal, circulatory systems are formed endoderm-formation of the digestive and glandular systems Heart begins to beat after first month Face, neck, fingers, and toes develop in 2nd month Brain development is rapid, head large |
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Congenital malformations
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refers to a condition with which the infant is born but does not refer to the specific defect. risk is greatest during the embryonic period bc it is the period of rapid cell division
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Early Fetal Period (3rd-6th Month)
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Period of the fetus
-influenced by factors -sex differentiaiton continues and buds for the teeth emerge, the stomach and kidneys begin to function and vocal cords appear. -first reflexes appear. -lower limbs begin to catch up to rest of body |
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Lanugo
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happens in the early fetal period, its when the entire body of the fetus is temporarily covered with a very fine soft hair
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Vernix Caseosa
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Vernix latin for Varnish and Caseosa is latin for cheesy. "Cheesy varnish" babys natural moisturier, made from dead epedermic cells
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Later Fetal Period (7th-9th months)
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-fetus TRIPLES in weight
-adipose tissue begins to form under the skin and serves as both an insulator and food supplier. -lango hair shed. -7th month fetus is 'quiet' 'resting up for the big event' -8 and 9th month- more active At birth infant is about 19-21 inches long and weighs about 6 to 8 pounds. |
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Neonatal Period (Birth to 4 weeks)
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-Neonatal: Neo-new natal- born, so Neonatal means NEWBORN
-Head is 25% of body weight (Birth to 1 month) -optimal growth requires proper nutrition, a positive state of health, and a nurturing environment, but low birth weight babies and young for date catch up to their age mates. |
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Early Infancy (4 wks to 1 year)
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-rapid gains in weight and length.
-birth weight doubled by 5th month -length increases to around 30 inches by first bday. -6 months-thoracic region is larger than the head |
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Later Infancy (1 year to 2 years)
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-rapid growth, slower rate than first year
-boys and girls are very similar |
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Reflex
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-tells us a lot of info about CNS
-an involuntary muscular response to a sensory stimulus -certain sensations are known to produce specific muscular responses -docs look at how strong a response is or how weak it is. |
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First movements happen where?
Stimulus and Response (example) Lifespan reflexes |
-happen in womb
-eating, drinking -patella tendon, withdrawal reflex and protective reflex (like with falling) |
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What role do infantile reflexes serve?
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-information about CNS
-neurological dysfunction *absences or prolonged continuation |
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2 types of reflexes
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-Primitive reflexes- survival reflexes like sucking, hand to mouth, help provide baby with protection and nourishment
-Postural reflexes-precursors of voluntary movements that will appear between the 9th and 15th months after birth. |
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Reflexive Stages
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Encoding stage-info-gathering stage-in utero to 4 months-
Decoding stage-info-processing stage-the use of reflexes, primary circular reactions, and secondary circular reactions-4 months to a year |
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Of reflexes reviewed, which ones could be considered locomotor in nature?
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stepping, crawling, and swimming
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APGAR scores
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-Named after Dr. Virginia Apgar- developed in 1952
- assessment of newborn 60 seconds after birth, repeated 5 minutes after -heart rate, respiratory, muscle tone, skin color, catheter in nostril response -scoring=0,1,2 -Perfect=10-best possible health -0-3 immediate resuscitation. |
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Rudimentary movements
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first forms of voluntary movement
sequential, predictable, universal 2 stages- reflex inhibition stage -precontrol stage reflexes can help tell us about CNS rate is variable because of environment |
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Categories of Rudimentary Skills
Stability |
-constant struggle against the force of gravity to achieve and maintain an upright posture
static-balance while stationary ex/ twisting dynamic-balance while in motion ex/ |
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Milestones- body control
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2 months- head and chest elevation
After chest elevation, attempts at rolling 6 months rolling leads to crawling rolling-first attempts are rigid-aka tight, then segmental-head, shoulders, trunk, hips, at 8 months- rolls front to back/back to front |
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Milestones- Sitting
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as early as 3 months-assisted
-5 months with little support (highly individualized) may still lean forward due to lumbar control -7 months-self supported position 8 months- without assistance |
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Milestones-Standing
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occurs around 9 months, leads to walking
-begins with pulling from seated to standing posture -infant needs support -has wide base of support -high guard position -by 1 year=standing unassisted |
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Locomotion
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an infants movement through the environment by means of a series of basic abilities.
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Prone locomotion- crawling
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Crawling- 1st way infant begins to crawl
- 5 point stance "commando crawling" -BEFORE CREEPING -child drags body -homolateral parttern same thing as commando crawl. means same sided like left arm and left knee move at same time, and same with right side -less mature |
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Creeping
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4 point stance- around 7-9 months
-efficient movement -ARMS AND LEGS MOVE IN OPPOSITION -trunk raised off the floor -taken weight on its hands and feet |
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Cruising
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Comes after creeping,
baby has learned how to stand and uses objects to move. |
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Upright locomotion- walking
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end product of movement progressions,
as early as 8 months at 10 months with less support/12 months: alone. (12 months is the average age) |
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Manipulation
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infants first attempts to make meaningful contact with objects via reaching, grasping, and releasing.
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Reaching
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first 4 months, watches object and makes globular attempts-picking up object circularly with more limbs than they have to. by end of 5th month-childs aim nearly perfect
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Grasping
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reflexive until 4th month,
seventh month-palm and fingers are coordinated 10th month-reachin and grasping are coordinated 14 month-grasping abilities are much like those of adults |
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Releasing
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6th months- has yet to master it.
14 months-able to release 18 months- really good control of all aspects. |
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Effects of programs
Why are more parents participating in early movement programs? |
-more time with kids
-get ahead -interaction and socialization -stimulation -health care issues |
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Can there be negative aspects to such programs?
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teachers aren't qualified
comparision factor costs of programs |
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Head Start
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1965- the first early childhood program
focus is for financially disadvantaged poverty is cyclic increasing school readiness nurture parents/medical diversity hispanic and black make up 31% whites 27% |
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Palmar Grasp
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Stimulus: touch baby's palm
Motor Response: baby will turn and close hand Age: birth to 4 months |
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Sucking
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Stimulus: stimulation of lips, gums, tongue, or hard palate
Motor Response: nipple squeezed btwn tongue and latate suction phase- neg pressure produced in mouth cavity Age: birth to 3 months |
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Moro
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Stimulus: tapping on abdomen or producing a feeling of insecurity of support
Motor Response: sudden extension and bowing of the arms and spreading of the fingers Age: birth to 6 months |
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Searching (rooting)
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Stimulus: stimulation of area around the mouth
Motor Response: infant turning its head toward the source of stimulation Age: birth to 11 months |
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Plantar Grasp
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Stimulus: pressing thumbs against infants foot.
Motor Response: curling of the toes Age: 4th-12th month |
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Babinski
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Stimulus: stroke on sole of foot
Motor Response: extension of the toes Age: birth to 3 months |
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Galant
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Stimulus: putting baby in prone position side of back stroked from top of neck to stomach
Motor Response: baby moves hips to side that was stimulated Age: |
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Stepping
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Stimulus: hold erect, with its body weight placed forward on a flat surface
Motor Response: 'walking' forward Age: first six week and disappears by the fifth month |
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Body rightening
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Stimulus: side-lying position with legs and trunk turned in one direction
Motor Response: turns head in same direction as the body Age: 6th-12th month |
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Parachuting
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Stimulus: sudden displacing force or when balance can no longer be maintained
Motor Response: extends arms downward in an apparent attempt to cushion fall Age: 4th-12th month |
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Swimming
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Stimulus: when place in a prone position in or over water
Motor Response: swimming movements of the arms and legs Age: birth to 4 months |
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Pull-Up
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Stimulus: upright position and held by one or both hands
Motor Response: flex its arms in an attempt to remain upright Age: 3rd to 12 months |
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ATNR
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Stimulus: supine position with neck turned so that the head is facing towards either side
Motor Response: extension of arm and flexion of the legs Age: birth to 6th or 7th month |
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Crawling
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Stimulus: prone position and pressure is applied to sole of one foot
Motor Response: crawl Age: birth to 3rd or 4th month |
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Hypotonia
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loose muscles, very limp
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