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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the developmental perspective
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Interactional process that leads to changes in behavior over the lifespan. Study of changes in human motor development.
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What is development?
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progressive flow of changes that are psychological, social, emotional, physical
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What is Learning?
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change in behavior because of something you learned (must have intervention for change to be made)
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What is Evolution?
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Phylogeny-changes that occur from (generation to generation)
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What is maturation?
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Physical and mental growth and development that occur with aging
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What is growth?
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Change over time, aging process (change in physical size)
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What is motor development?
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Describes the lawful changes (what’s going to happen) in motor skill behavior across the lifespan
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Why is a lifespan perspective important?
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Number of people over the age of 65 continues to increase
Allows us to study both progressive and regressive phases of development Intrinsic and extrinsic factors |
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What is the precursor period?
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focused on descriptive observation
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What is the maturation period?
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Biological processes
Description of processes, and product |
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What is the normative/descriptive Period?
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Product orientated
development of standardized forms |
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What is the process orientated period?
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Perception, information processing, coordination, dynamical systems, lifespan perspective
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What is the cross sectional design?
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Study one group of subjects at different ages and different times of measurement
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Advantages of cross sectional design?
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Easy, efficient, quick results
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Disadvantage of cross sectional design?
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Assumes age causes changes, rather than behavior
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What is the longitudinal design?
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Study one group of subjects at different ages and different times of measurement
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Advantages of longitudinal design?
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Examines change in behavior
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Disadvantages in longitudinal design?
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time consuming, costly, lose subjects over time
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What is cephalocaudal?
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from head to toe, growth
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What is Proximodistal?
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From close to body to farther out; prenatal growth, Reaching and grasping
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What is differentiation?
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refers to the process of moving from gross control of movements to fine precise control of movements
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What is integration?
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ability of the system to function together as a unit; coordination
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What is the cognitive domain?
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One's intellect
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What is the affective domain?
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Social and emotional
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What is the motor domain?
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Human movement
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What is chronological age?
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Length of time from birth
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What is developmental age?
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Takes into account rate of maturation
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What is the dynamical approach?
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is movement which is a product of the whole system which is constantly interacting and changing (ex: walking)
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What is the product orientated approach?
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End result
(examines the outcome) |
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What is the process orientated approach?
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what occurs during the movement (technique of the movement)(ex: throwing, trunk rotation, opposite foot forward, follow-through, steeping forward using opposite foot)
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What are the stages of cognitive development?
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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
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What is the sensorimotor stage?
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birth to 2 years
intelligence is developed- environment and motor development (visual, auditory, tactile, interaction between all senses |
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What is the preoperational stage?
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2 to 7 years
Language development, use of symbols. Do not think logically or operational. Egocentric |
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What is the concrete operational stage?
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7-11 years
can de-center attention in problem solving situation |
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What can be done in the concrete operational stage?
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can modify, organize, or even reverse thought processes; mental representation; aware of alternate solutions
Seriation--arrange variables by characteristics Learning is facilitated by "doing" |
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What can be done in the concrete operational stage?
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Seriation--arrange variables by characteristics
Learning is facilitated by "doing" |
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What age is the formal operational stage?
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11-12 yrs.
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What is the formal operational stage?
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Abstract thinking, resolve problems.
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What is done in the formal operational stage?
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Hypothetical deductive reasoning
Changing social & emotional values |
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Theories of intellectual development?
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Total decline and
partial decline |
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What is total decline theory?
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Consistent, gradual decline of intellect throughout adulthood
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What is partial decline theory?
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Cognitive decline occurs in some areas but not others
Memory (primary, secondary, tertiary) Speed of retrieval--slowing, RT; motor effects |
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What are the three stages of information processing?
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Stimulus identification
response selection response programming |
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What is stimulus identification?
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detect and identify
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What is response selection?
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Making decisions/choices
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What is response programming?
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Sends commands to muscles
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What are the 3 models of memory?
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Primary memory
Secondary memory Tertiary memory |
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What is your primary memory?
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Short term sensory storage (STSS) unlimited capacity
(main points, short term, sensory) information held only for a second |
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WHat is your secondary memory?
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1-60 sec. limited to 7-9 items.
Kids have problems in this area of memory |
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What is your tertiary memory?
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Long term memory. Unlimited time and capacity.
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Strategies in remembering?
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Rehearsal, naming or labeling, grouping or chunking
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What is visual perception?
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ability to accurately judge size of objects and ability to know that objects remain the same size and if the distance from the observer varies
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Example of visual perception?
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figure and ground, whole and parts, depth, spatial orientation, movement
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What is figure and ground perception?
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Allows a person to locate and focus on an object or figure embedded in a distracting background (ground)
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What is perception of whole parts?
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Ability to discriminate the parts from the whole
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What is perception of depth?
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Ability to judge the distance from the body to an object and to recognize the 3-D nature of objects
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What is spatial orientation?
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Recognition of an object's orientation or arrangement in space (right vs. left; up/down; etc.)
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What is perception of movement?
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it involves the ability to detect and track a moving object with the eye
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What is kinesthetic perception?
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Information regarding the relative position of the body parts to each other, the position of the body in space, an awareness of the body's movements
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Examples of Kinesthetic perception?
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Tactile location, Multiple tactile points, perception of objects
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What is tactile location?
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Ability to identify (without vision) a spot on the body that has just been touched
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What is multiple tactile points?
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Discriminating between two points touching the skin in close proximity
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What is the perception of objects?
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Recognition of objects by manipulation
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What is auditory perception?
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ability to perceive the direction in which a sound is coming from (Location)
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Activities that can test perceptual motor development?
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Balance, Temporal awareness, body awareness, spatial awareness, directional awareness
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What types of balance activities are there?
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Static balance and
dynamic balance, balance beam, bachmann ladder, stabilometer |
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What is static balance?
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Ability to maintain a posture when the body is stationary
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What is dynamic balance?
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Ability to maintain a posture while the body is moving (ex: running)
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What is spatial awareness?
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Ability to understand one's surroundings and ability to move through space
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What is temporal awareness?
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Ability to understand and predict time relationships; must take into account speed, trajectory, weight of ball, distance
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What is body awareness?
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Body image; names of various body parts; ability to understand the body's potential to produce movements
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What is directional awareness?
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Ability to understand concepts such as left/right, up/down, front/back
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What is the Purdue Perceptual test?
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to identify "slow learners" (kids that have perception motor problems have cognitive problems)
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What is the most important for movement?
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Perception
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What is auditory perception?
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Perception of Differences (discrimination tasks)
Ability to distinguish sounds similar in pitch, loudness, or speech sound |
