Motor Control And Nervous System

Front 1

Simple reaction time, what is fastest?

Back 1

Kinematic

Front 2

Motor Behavior Testing techniques (3)

Back 2

IRCR
EMG
Kinematic data

Front 3

IRCR?

Back 3

Infrared corneal reflection- eye movements

Front 4

EMG?

Back 4

Electromyography-balance & posture

Front 5

Kinematic data measures?

Back 5

posture, velocity and acceleration

Front 6

Physiological testing techniques are used to?

Back 6

Determine how brain controls movement.
Record brain correlations of movement.

Front 7

What physiological techniques are used in humans?

Back 7

fMRI and EEG

Front 8

What is an fMRI?

Back 8

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging-meausres blood flow in brain.

Front 9

What is an EEG?

Back 9

It measures electrical currents through the skull. Can be innacturate and require many trials.

Front 10

What Physiological techniques are used in animals?

Back 10

Animal studies ICMS

Front 11

Physiological testing techniques when you interfere with brain functions?

Back 11

Humans- TMS, patient studies
Animals- Temporary or permanent lesions

Front 12

Action potentials are created by shift in?

Back 12

membrane ions.
measured as voltage change.

Front 13

Neuromuscular communication- Resting membrane potential

Back 13

ion concentrations are stable with net charge of -70 mv

Front 14

Neuromuscular communication- Depolarization

Back 14

N1+ moves inside cell membrane making it more positive until it reaches threshold of -55 mv

Front 15

Neuromuscular communication- Repolarization/Hyperpolarization

Back 15

Ions shift back to -70 mv but over compensate

Front 16

Neuromuscular communication- Restoration of RMP

Back 16

Membrane slowly returns to baseline level of -70 mv as it gradually comes back to equilibrium.

Front 17

Principle of Dynamic Polarization

Back 17

Santiago y Cajal
The refractory period prevents backward movement of the action potentials.

Front 18

Action potentials are propogated down the axon

Back 18

Each section of the axon is experiencing a different phase of the action potential.

Front 19

Communication between cells-Synapse

Back 19

1. action potential depolarizes terminal
2. the depolarization opens voltage gated ca2+ channels and ca2+ enters cell.
3. ca2+ triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicle
4. neuro transmitters diffuse across synapse and bind to receptors and post synaptic terminal.

Front 20

communication from nerve to muscle

Back 20

Ach neurotransmitter bings to receptor on muscle membrane which results in electrical stimulation of muscle.

Front 21

NMJ problems

Back 21

botulism- prevents ach exocytosis
curare- inhibits ach receptors
black widow spider venom- prevents vesicle recycling

Front 22

sensory neurons

Back 22

deliver info to CNS from endings on surface. Afferent info towards CNS.

Front 23

Motor Neurons

Back 23

Deliver efferent info from CNS. Carry out action and cause muscle contractions.

Front 24

Interneurons

Back 24

Make up majority of all neurons. make up majority of neurons. Do processing, memory...

Front 25

Glial Cells are...

Back 25

provide nourishment and protections to neurons. Ogliodendrocyte in CNS and schwann in PNS.

Front 26

Basic Sensory physiology

Back 26

different sensory receptors for all senses but they all; respond to physical stimulus, convert stimulus to AP and give information to CNS.

Front 27

How does vision work?

Back 27

1. light enters eye and is focused by lens onto fovea
2. photoreceptors transduce light energy into electrical signals.
3. electrical signals transmitted to brain to allow for perception.

Front 28

Accomodation

Back 28

flatten lens by relaxing cilliary muscles for far away
round lens by contracting cilliary muscles for near by.

Front 29

Hyperopia

Back 29

Farsightedness
Eyeball is too short
Convex

Front 30

Myopia

Back 30

Nearsightedness
eyeball is too long
concave

Front 31

Phototransduction

Back 31

light travels through retinal cells, reflects off back layer of eyeball then stimulates photoreceptors. converts light energy to electrical signals at the retina.

Front 32

Photoreceptors

Back 32

Rods- peripheral retina, monochromatic
Cones- fovea, color vision

Front 33

Optic Nerve

Back 33

Formed by ganglion cells
Optic nerve and blood supply go through the optic disk
No photoreceptors at optic disk= blind spot

Front 34

Ganglion cells from the nasal hemiretinas......

Back 34

cross at the optic chiasm then synapse on neurons in lateral geniculate in thalamus

Front 35

Ganglion cells from the temporal hemiretinas......

Back 35

stay on the same side and synapse on neurons in lateral geniculate in thalamus

Front 36

Cortical processing

Back 36

V1 projects to ventral and dorsal visual streams.

Front 37

Ventral stream

Back 37

"what"
temporal lobe-face matching

Front 38

Dorsal stream

Back 38

"where"
parietal lobe, location matching

Front 39

Ventral and dorsal streams composed of many functionally separate visual areas.

Back 39

Many areas are interconnected and each area contributes more complex information as move from v1 through each stream.

Front 40

Damage to the dorsal stream....

Back 40

can cause deficits in perceiving portions of space or visual motion.

Front 41

A stroke affecting the right parietal cortex results in

Back 41

left side visual neglect.

Front 42

Damage to the ventral stream can cause....

Back 42

deficits in perceiving object color and shape.

Front 43

Prosopagnosia is

Back 43

the result of damage to the ventral stream can cause difficulty recognizing faces.