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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neuromuscular Junction |
Calcium mediated Ach release, causes action potential |
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Small motor unit |
Slow fatigue, slow twitch, few muscle fibers |
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Moderate motor unit |
slow fatigue, fast twitch, moderate muscle fibers |
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Large Motor Unit |
Fast twitch, fast fatigue, lots of muscle fibers |
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Musculoskeletal Properties |
Speed of contraction, muscle length and Biomechanics affect force production |
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Sensory Receptors |
Cell body is in the dorsal root ganglion, are stimulation specific, intensity coding and sensory adaptation |
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Proprioception |
Awareness of one's own body in space |
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Joint receptor |
Located in joint capsules, fire in response to movement of joint. Minor proprioceptor |
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Golgi Tendon Organ |
Located near muscle/tendon junction, fire in response to active contraction, protects the muscle from tearing |
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Muscle Spindles |
Located in the belly of the muscle, Important for sensory input and motor control. Fires with active and passive stretch |
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Dorsal Column system |
Fast, crosses at brainstem to thalamus then to somatosensory cortex |
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Anterolateral System |
Important for temperature, pain and touch. Located in spinal cord |
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Spinocerebellar Track |
Cerebellum and Brainstem |
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Pyramid Track |
Fast, large diameter, highly myelinated. From primary motor cortex synapse directly to motor neuron pools, crosses in the brainstem |
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Extrapyramid tracts |
Modulatory, from brainstem to cerebellum |
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Motor neuron pools |
Grouped functionally, cell bodies and dendrites. Multiple inputs from motor tracts, sensory neurons and interneurons |
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Circuitry flow |
Sensory receptor -> Sensory Neuron -> Integrating center -> motor neuron -> effector |
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Stretch Reflex |
Monosynaptic (Patellae Reflex) |
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Flexion Reflex |
Finger touches fire, pull hand back |
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Plantar reflex (babinski sign) |
Touching bottom of foot, toes curl (inward for adults, outward for babies) Can show motor neuron lesion if outward as adult since didn't override reflex. |
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Ocular Reflex |
Blink when startled |
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Vestibulo ocular reflex |
Eyes follow head |
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Tonic Asymmetric reflex |
Head turns, same side arm flares out, otherside comes in. |
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Tonic symmetric reflex |
Head curls in, arms curl in |
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Startle Reflex |
When startled, throws back all limbs and head |
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Righting reflex |
When acceleration of head increases, extend neck back to keep head upright |
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Areas of Cerebral Cortex |
Primary motor area, secondary motor area, association areas, basal ganglia and cerebellum |
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Premotor Area (PMA) |
Receives info from cerebellum, externally initiated, sensory driven |
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Supplementary Motor area (SMA) |
Receives info from basal ganglia, internally driven, intention driven |
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Cingulate Motor area |
Motivation/desire, sudden insight, participates in long term memory |
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Primary Motor Area (M1) |
Has fine motor control, Homonculus |
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Homonculus |
Map of the fine motor controls, mainly cortical control. Affects reaching, gait, balance and posture |
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Cerebellum |
Sensory integration, motor adaptation, motor learning |
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Cerebrocerebellum |
Lateral hemisphere, projects to the cortex, Used in planning, precise movements, conscious evaluations of errors |
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Spinocerebellum |
receives Sensory input from body, Compares sensory input to intended movements and adjusts as needed |
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Vestibulcerebellum |
Coordination of eyes and head, balance and posture |
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Basal Ganglia |
Involved in before and during movement, internally generated, movement sequencing, ballistic force generation, sends info to SMA, receives info from frontal and parietal lobes |
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Brainstem |
Automatic movements, many motor tracks that run through it |
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Tectospinal Tract |
Head and eye movement |
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Reticulospinal Tract |
Trunk and proximal limb movements for locomotion and postural control |
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Vestibulospinal Tract |
Position of head and limbs to support posture and maintain balance |
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Corticospinal Tract |
Descending command from Primary Motor Area, individual finger movements |
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Rubrospinal Tract
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Similar to cortiospinal except for finger movements.Limb movements
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Thalamus |
Relay station for neurons |
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Corpus Callosum |
Transmission between hemispheres |
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Auditory system |
Sound waves deflect hair cells in cochlea opening channels, Signals go through several brainstem centers and thalamus before reaching primary auditory cortex |
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Vestibular system |
Fluid filled semicircular canals, olith organs located inside canal and contain ampulla and capula. When head moves, fluid moves and deflect hair cells. Fires in response to angular and linear accelerations |
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Visual System |
Light sensitive transducers, signal goes through thalamus, NO brainstem centers and then to primary visual cortex |
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saccades |
Controlled by basal ganglia, Ballistic movement, eyes shifting from object to object |
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Smooth Pursuit |
Controlled by Cerebellum, Smooth movement, follow something as it moves |
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Mangocellular |
Ambient vision, goes to dorsal stream, motion vision, mostly unconscious (WHERE) |
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Pavocellular |
Focal vision, goes to ventral stream, object vision, conscious, patterns and shapes. (What) |
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Advance Information (Visual) |
Gain info prior to movement, exproprioceptive, things like shape, size, texture of something |
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Feedforward (visual) |
Anticipating while moving, (Hitting a ball) |
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Feedback |
Response while moving (carrying glass of water) |
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Electroencephalography |
Picks up impulses from brain, great for timing of brain impulses |
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
Indicate activity by glucose uptake. Great spacial but bad timing |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
Very structural image, Great spacial but timing is bad. Can look at white matter tracts, uses water uptake to take image. |
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
Uses magnetic impulses to induce neurons into firing. Can measure how excited or inhibited the brain is. |
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18 Days (Prenatal development) |
Notochord forms from ectoderm in region of primitive streak |
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20 Days (Prenatal Development) |
Neural plate begins to fold upon itself, forming the neural groove and the neural crest becomes distinct |
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22 Days (Prenatal Development) |
Neural plate closes forming the neural tube. Adjacent to the tube is the somites (form skeleton) |
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24 Days (Prenatal Development) |
Neural tube adjacent to somites, becomes spinal cord, neural crest becomes dorsal root ganglion, anterior end of neural plate becomes brain. |
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Telencephalon |
Olfactory lobes, hippocampus and cerebrum |
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Diencephalon |
Retina, epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus |
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Mesencephalon |
Midbrain |
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Metencephalon |
Cerebellum, Pons |
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Myelencephalon |
Medulla |
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100 Days (Prenatal Development) |
Cerebral Hemisphere, cerebellum, pons and medulla formed. |
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Week 9 |
Recognizable human head, is half of fetus, differential of tissue almost done |
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Month 5 (Prenatal Development) |
Gyri and sulci begin to develop, many of them resent by birth |
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20-22 Weeks (Prenatal Development) |
Reflexes begin to develop |
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Maturity of brain development |
Occipital - 1 year, Parietal and Temporal - 6 Years and frontal 20 years |
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Parkinson's Disease |
Reduction of 70-80% of basal ganglia, reduced dopamine production. Symptoms are bradykinesia, rigidity, Tremor, speech and swallowing difficulty, pain, depression, sleep dysfunction. Use synthetic dopamine, music/environment to trigger movement. |
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Huntington's Disease |
Genetic cause, To much dopamine which results in cell death in basal ganglia. Symptoms Chorea and tics, lack of coordination, unsteady gait, dementia, hyperkinetic disorder. |
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Cerebellar Ataxia |
Progressive, degenerative, genetic disease. Degeneration of cerebellum. Ataxic gait and reaching, poor coordination, difficulty with eye tracking, intention tremor, hypotonia. |
