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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motor Skills Require?
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Body, head, and/or limb movement to achieve its goal
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Motor learning involves?
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Acquisition of new skills
Performance enhancement of skills Reaquisition of skills |
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Motor Control involves the Study of?
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How the neuromuscular system functions to enable coordinated movement
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Motor development involves the study of?
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Human development from infancy to old age
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Factors that influence motor skill learning?
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motor skill performance
Performance environment the skill |
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Skills
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Tasks or activities that have specific goals to achieve
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Actions
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Term often used as synonymous with the term "motor skills"
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Movements
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behavioral characteristics of a specific limb or a combination of limbs
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Three motor skill classifications that use one-dimension approaches
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size of primary musculature required
specificity of where actions begin or end stability of the environment |
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Gross motor skills
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require use of large musculature to achieve the goal
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fine motor skill
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require control of small muscles to achieve the goal of the skill
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discrete motor skills
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specified beginning and end points, usually require a simple movement
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continuous motor skills
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arbitrary beginning and end points; usually involve repetitive movements
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serial motor skills
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involve a continuous series of discrete skills
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closed motor skills
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involve a stationary supporting surface, object and or other peole; performer determines when to begin the action
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open motor skill
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involve supporting surface, object, and/or other people in motion; environment features determines when to begin the action
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taxonomy
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a classification system organized according to relationships among the component characteristics of what is being classified
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regulatory conditions
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characteristics of environment that control the movement characteristics of an action
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intertrial variability
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whether the regulatory conditions are the same or different from one performance attempt to another
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body orientation
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does the skill require the person to move from one location to another or to stay in the same location
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object manipulation
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results in change of the position of an object
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What is performance measurement essential for?
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performance assessment/evaluation
motor learning and control research |
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performance outcome measures
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indicates the outcome or result of performing a motor skill
Does not tell us about behavior Does not provide information about activity |
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Performance Production measures
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indicate the performance of specific aspects of the motor control system during the performance
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Reaction Time (RT)
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indicates how long it takes a person to prepare and initiate a movement
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simple RT
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one signal - one response
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Choice RT
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more than one signal - each signal has a specific response
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Discrimination RT
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more than one signal - only one response
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Pre-motor time
Fractionated RT |
Quiet interval of time between the onset of stimulus and beginning of activity
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Motor time
Fractionated RT |
Interval of time from the initial increase in muscle activity until the actual limb movement
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Why error measures?
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error measures allow us to evaluate performance for skills that have spatial or temporal accuracy action goals
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Absolute error (AE)
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absolute value of difference between the actual performance on each trial and the criterion for each trial
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Constant Error (CE)
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Algebraic value of difference between the actual performance on each trial and the criterion for each trial
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Variable Error
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the standard deviation of the CE scores; and index of performance consistency (variability)
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Radial Error
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general accuracy measure for two dimensions
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Kinematics
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description of motion without regard to force
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Displacement
Kinematics |
Spatial position of a limb or joint over a period of time
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Velocity
Kinematics |
rate of change in an object position with respect to time
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Acceleration
Kinematics |
change in velocity during movement
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Kinetics
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force as a cause of motion
human movements involve both external and internal sources of force |
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Electromyography (EMG)
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recording of muscle electrical activity, determine when a muscle begins and ends activation
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
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Measures electrical activity in the brain
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Positron Emission Topography (PET)
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Neuroimaging technique that measures blood flow in the brain
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
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Neuroimaging technique that measures blood flow changes in the brain by detecting blood oxygenation characteristics
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Ability
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a general trait or capacity of a person, relatively enduring characteristic, serves as a determinant of a persons achievement potential for the performance of specific skills
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motor ability
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an ability that is specifically related to the performance of a motor skill, each person has a variety of motor abilities
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General Motor ability hypothesis
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many different motor abilities that exist are highly related within a person and can be grouped as a singular, global motor ability
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Specificity of motor ability hypothesis
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many motor abilities are relatively independent in an individual
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Static Balance
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equilibrium while stationary
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Dynamic Balance
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equilibrium while in motion
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External Timing
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movement timing based on external source
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Internal Timing
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timing of movement based on person's internal representation of time
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What is a theory?
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accurately describes a large class of observations, make definite predictions about results of future observations
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Motor control theory
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describes and explains how the nervous system produces coordinated movement of motor skill in a variety of environments
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Coordination
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patterning of body and limb motions relative to the pattering of environmental objects and events
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degrees of freedom problem
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how to control the degree of freedon to make a complex system act in a specific way
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Open-loop control system
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does not use feedback, control center provides all the information for effectors to carry out movement
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Closed-loop control system
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uses feedback, control center issues information to effectors sufficient only to initiate movement
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Motor program based theory
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memory based mechanism that controls coordinated movement
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Dynamic pattern theory
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describes and explains coordinated movement control by emphasizing the role of information in the environment and mechanical properties of the body and limbs
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Generalized motor program (GMP)
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proposed that each GMP control a class of actions that have invariant characteristics
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GMP Function
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to serve as the basis for generating movement instructions prior to and during the performance of an action
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GMP characteristics
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invariant features: do not vary across performances of a skill within a class of actions, the identifying signature of a GMP
Paramaters: specific movement features added to the invariant features to enable the performance of a skill in a specific situation, characteristics can vary from one performance of a skill to another |
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Attractor
Dynamic pattern theory |
a stable state of the motor control system that leads to behavior according to preferred coordination patterns
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Order parameters
Dynamic pattern theory |
also called collective variables, functional specific and abstract variables that define the overall behavior of the system, enable a coordinated pattern of movement that can be reproduced and distinguished from other patterns
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Control Parameters
Dynamic pattern theory |
a variable when increased or decreased will influence the stability and character of the order parameter, provides the basis for determining attractor states for patterns of limb movement
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Self organization
Dynamic pattern theory |
when certain conditions characterize a situation, a specific pattern of limb movement emerges, this pattern of movement self organizes within the characteristic of environmental conditions and limb dynamics
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Perception and Action coupling
Dynamic pattern theory |
the linking together of movement to environmental information
Perception - action |
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cognitive stage
Fitts and Posner 3 stage |
beginner focuses on solving cognitively-oriented problems
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associative stage
Fitts and Posner 3 stage |
person has learned to associate cues from the environment with required movements; works to refine performance to be more consistent
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autonomous stage
Fitts and Posner 3 stage |
final state where performance of the skill is "automatic" in terms of attention demanded
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Initial stage
Fitts and Posner 2 stage |
learner works to achieve 2 goals, movement coordination pattern to enable some degree of success, learn to discriminate between regulatory and non-regulatory conditions in environment
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Later stage
Fitts and Posner 2 stage |
acquiring 3 characteristics: adapting initial movement pattern to demands of any performance, increase consistency of action goal achievement, perform with an economy of effort
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An Expert
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a person who is located at the extreme right end of the learning stages continum
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