Motor Behavior Test 3

Front 1

Abilities are ____, ____, and for the most part ____.

Back 1

stable
enduring
genetically determined

Front 2

4 examples of abilities?

Back 2

visual acuity
reaction speed
manual dexterity
numerical ability

Front 3

____ is the building block for a ____.

Back 3

ability
skill

Front 4

Skills are ____ and ____.

Back 4

practiced
developed

Front 5

3 steps to factor analysis.

Back 5

testing people with different tasks
measuring performance
grouping into clusters

Front 6

____ correlation of tasks within each factor.

Back 6

high

Front 7

____ correlation of tasks between different factors.

Back 7

low

Front 8

5 factors that influence ID

Back 8

age
gender
intelligence
experience
disease

Front 9

____ is dependent on performance.

Back 9

learning

Front 10

____ is situational, specific, and can be temporary

Back 10

performance

Front 11

Learning is...

Back 11

enduring change in the capacity to perform

Front 12

What are the 3 models for stages of motor learning?

Back 12

Fitt's and Posner's 3 stage
Gentile's 2 stage
Bernstein's 3 stage

Front 13

What are the 3 stages of Fitt's and Posner's model.

Back 13

Cognitive - large error, variable performance, not aware how to improve
Associative - fewer error, reduced variability, detect and correct some errors
Autonomous - after intense practice, skill automatic, small variability, detect and correct errors

Front 14

What are the 2 stages of Gentile's model?

Back 14

Getting the idea of the movement
Fixation/diversification

Front 15

According to Gentile's, random practice would be better for ____ tasks, and blocked would be better for ___ tasks.

Back 15

discrete
continuous

Front 16

What are the 3 stages of Bernstein's model?

Back 16

Freezing degrees of Freedom - few body parts allowed to move independently
Releasing and Reorganizing Degrees of Freedom - combining DF's promoting coordination
Exploiting Mechanical Inertia - reduces energy cost

Front 17

Power Law of Practice is basically ...

Back 17

practice makes perfect

Front 18

What is the Power Law of Practice linear function and what do the variable stand for?

Back 18

log(T) = -b log(P) + log(a)
T= movement time
P = amount of practice
a = intercept (constant)
b = slope (constant)

Front 19

Two practice conditions for Power Law?

Back 19

Amount of Practice - more learning if more practice
Deliberate Practice - experts

Front 20

Pre-practice considerations?

Back 20

motivation
verbal information
modeling

Front 21

Variability of practice facilitates the ____ of the ____ for the motor skill.

Back 21

formation
schema

Front 22

4 components to schema theory.

Back 22

initial condition
parameters
movement outcome
sensory consequences

Front 23

2 types of schema

Back 23

Recall
Recognition

Front 24

Recall schema involves what?

Back 24

movement production
relationship between parameters and movement outcome (accuracy)
data points thrown away, rule remains

Front 25

Recognition schema involves what?

Back 25

response evaluation
relationship between initial condition, environmental outcomes, and sensory consequences

Front 26

What practice schedule is most beneficial to learning?

Back 26

random practice

Front 27

What are the two accounts for contextual interference?

Back 27

Elaborative Processing Hypothesis
Reconstruction Hypothesis

Front 28

Elaborative Processing Hypothesis has to do with...

Back 28

each task component being distinctive and memorable, thus more meaningful in LTM enhancing retrieval

Front 29

Reconstruction Hypothesis has to do with...

Back 29

previously constructed action plans, reconstruction enhances link between components enhancing retrieval

Front 30

Serial tasks benefit from ____ practice, while discrete and continuous tasks benefit from ____ pracitce.

Back 30

part
whole

Front 31

What is massed practice?

Back 31

practice exceed rest

Front 32

What is distributed practice?

Back 32

rest is equal to or greater that pracitce

Front 33

Whenever possible ____ practice is preferable to ____ practice.

Back 33

physical
mental

Front 34

____ practice is better than no practice.

Back 34

mental

Front 35

Intrinsic feedback is from ____ like ____

Back 35

proprioceptors
vision, auditory, muscle receptors

Front 36

Extrinsic feedback is also called ____

Back 36

augmented feedback

Front 37

Knowledge of Results provides information on the ____, while Knowledge of Performance provides information on the ____.

Back 37

movement outcome
movement pattern

Front 38

____ is often descriptive but unaware to the learner

Back 38

KP

Front 39

KR can be ____ or ____.

Back 39

specific
general

Front 40

3 functions of augmented feedback?

Back 40

informational
motivational
associated

Front 41

Which feedback function allows the learner to play with the parameters?

Back 41

Associated

Front 42

Which feedback function engourages the learner to achieve a higher performance goal?

Back 42

Motivational

Front 43

Which feedback function is about what to do next?

Back 43

Informational

Front 44

Name some negative effects of augmented feedback.

Back 44

can become dependent on it
blocking of intrinsic processing activities
induces movement variability
bad feedback

Front 45

Why was the KR delay assumed to have degrading effects on learning but it is actually not?

Back 45

delaying the reward slightly, largely affected animal learning.
memory about movement decays rapidly
Good because delaying KR enhances learners error detection capabilities

Front 46

Instantaneous KR would involve no ____ and has been found to ____ learning because the learner is provided no time for ____.

Back 46

pre KR interval
degrade
reflection on response

Front 47

Explain a trial delay of 1.

Back 47

provided feedback on first trial after completion of second

Front 48

Explain a trial delay of 2.

Back 48

provided feedback on first trial after completion of third

Front 49

Explain the diagram for temporal locus of KR.

Back 49

Trial 1 - Pre KR interval - KR - Post KR interval - Trial 2
Inter Trial interval is the sum of pre and post KR intervals

Front 50

Three scores of relative retention.

Back 50

Difference - beginning retention - end acquisition
Percentage - difference/ (end acquisition - beginning acquisition)
Savings - retention trials needed to get back to highest proficiency of acquisition

Front 51

Two theories of retention loss.

Back 51

Trace decay
Set

Front 52

What is trace decay theory?

Back 52

passive theory of disuse
the less practice, the weaker the neurological trace

Front 53

What is set theory?

Back 53

loss of bodily adjustments, no memory loss

Front 54

How do you improve effectiveness of simulators?

Back 54

provide more sensory feedback similar to that of the real thing
different versions of sim

Front 55

When are simulators the most useful and why?

Back 55

early learning so the learner acquires procedural aspects of skill

Front 56

Advantages and disadvantages of simulators?

Back 56

+decreased training cost
+increased safety
+convenience
-to be more real can be costly
-disparity between real and sim