Chapter 5 - Motivation, Emotion, And Stress

Front 1

motivation

Back 1

purpose, or driving force, behind our actions

Front 2

extrinsic motivation

Back 2

external forces, coming from outside oneself create extrinsic motivation

Front 3

intrinsic motivation

Back 3

motivation that comes from within oneself

Front 4

instincts

Back 4

innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

Front 5

instinct theory

Back 5

people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

Front 6

arousal

Back 6

the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Front 7

arousal theory

Back 7

people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Front 8

Yerkes-Dodson law

Back 8

U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance; performance is optimal at some intermediate level

Front 9

drives

Back 9

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals

Front 10

drive reduction theory

Back 10

drives help humans survive by creating an uncomfortable state, ensuring motivation to eliminate this state or to relieve the internal tension created by unmet needs

Front 11

primary drives

Back 11

need for food, water, and warmth; motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis

Front 12

homeostasis

Back 12

regulation of the internal environment to maintain an optimal, stable set of conditions

Front 13

secondary drives

Back 13

additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes; stem from learning; include emotions

Front 14

needs

Back 14

motivators that influence human behavior

Front 15

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Back 15

(1) physiological, (2) safety, (3) love/belonging, (4) esteem, (5) self-actualization

Front 16

self-determination theory (SDT)

Back 16

three universal needs: autonomy, the need to be in control of one's actions and ideas; competence, the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks; and relatedness, the need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships

Front 17

incentive theory

Back 17

behavior is motivated by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Front 18

expectancy-value theory

Back 18

the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual's expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which she values succeeding

Front 19

opponent-process theory

Back 19

when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology

Front 20

tolerance

Back 20

decrease in perceived drug effect over time

Front 21

emotion

Back 21

natural instinctive state of mind derived from one's circumstances, mood, or relationship to others

Front 22

basic emotions

Back 22

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

Front 23

James-Lange theory

Back 23

a stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled; stimulus --> nervous system arousal --> conscious emotion

Front 24

Cannon-Bard theory

Back 24

the cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur simultaneously and result in the behavioral component of emotion, or action; stimulus --> nervous system arousal and conscious emotion --> action

Front 25

Schachter-Singer theory

Back 25

also known as the cognitive arousal theory or the two-factor theory; both arousal and the labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced; stimulus --> nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal --> conscious emotion

Front 26

limbic system

Back 26

complex set of structures that reside below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus; made up of the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebral cortex

Front 27

amygdala

Back 27

attention and emotions; associated with fear; interpretation of facial expressions

Front 28

thalamus

Back 28

preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain

Front 29

hypothalamus

Back 29

synthesizes and releases a variety of neurotransmitters; serves homeostatic functions; involved in modulating emotion

Front 30

hippocampus

Back 30

involved in creating long-term memories; creates context for stimuli to lead to an emotional experience

Front 31

emotional memory

Back 31

unconscious (implicit) memory; storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event

Front 32

prefrontal cortex

Back 32

associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions

Front 33

dorsal prefrontal cortex

Back 33

associated with attention and cognition

Front 34

ventral prefrontal cortex

Back 34

connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

Front 35

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Back 35

plays a substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses of the amygdala

Front 36

autonomic nervous system

Back 36

related to emotion; skin temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure

Front 37

cognitive appraisal

Back 37

subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress; consists of two stages

Front 38

stage 1 or primary appraisal

Back 38

initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat; if primary appraisal reveals a threat, stage 2 appraisal begins

Front 39

stage 2 or secondary appraisal

Back 39

directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress; evaluation of harm, or damage caused by the event; threat, or the potential for future damage caused by the event; and challenge, or the potential to overcome and possibly benefit from the event

Front 40

stressor

Back 40

biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response

Front 41

distress

Back 41

occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors

Front 42

eustress

Back 42

positive life events that require a person to change or adapt their lifestyle

Front 43

social readjustment rating scale

Back 43

stress level can be measured in "life change units"

Front 44

general adaptation syndrome

Back 44

consists of three distinct stages; first is alarm, or the initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system; resistance, in which the continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor; exhaustion when the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity

Front 45

left frontal lobe is associated with

Back 45

positive feelings

Front 46

right frontal lobe is associated with

Back 46

negative feelings

Front 47

approach-approach conflict

Back 47

need to choose between two desirable options

Front 48

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Back 48

choices between two negative options

Front 49

approach-avoidance conflict

Back 49

only one choice, goal, or event, but the outcome could have both positive and negative elements