Motivation And Emotion Ch10

Front 1

motivation

Back 1

The moving force that energises behaviour (p. 366)

Front 2

emotion

Back 2

A positive or negative feeling state that typically includes arousal, subjective experience and behavioural expression (p. 366)

Front 3

drive

Back 3

According to Freud, an internal tension state that builds up until satisfied; according to behaviourist theory, an unpleasant tension state that motivates behaviour, classified as either primary or secondary (acquired) (p. 367)

Front 4

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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A projective test consisting of a series of ambiguous pictures about which participants are asked to make up a story (p. 368)

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drive-reduction theories

Back 5

Mid-twentieth century behaviourist theories which proposed that motivation stems from a combination of drive and reinforcement, in which stimuli become reinforcing because they are associated with reduction of a state of biological deficit (p. 368)

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primary drive

Back 6

An innate drive such as hunger, thirst and sex (p. 369)

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secondary drive

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A motive learned through classical conditioning and other learning mechanisms such as modelling; also called acquired drive (p. 369)

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incentive

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An external motivating stimulus (as opposed to an internal need state) (p. 369)

Front 9

goals

Back 9

Desired outcomes established through social learning (p. 369)

Front 10

goal-setting theory

Back 10

The theory of motivation that suggests that conscious goals regulate much of human action, particularly performance tasks (p. 369)

Front 11

intrinsic motivation

Back 11

The motivation to perform a behaviour for its own sake, rather than for some kind of external (or extrinsic) reward (p. 370)

Front 12

self-determination theory

Back 12

A theory of motivation that proposes that people have three innate needs — competence, autonomy and relatedness to others — and that intrinsic motivation flourishes when these needs are fulfilled rather than compromised (p. 370)

Front 13

implicit motives

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Motives that can be activated and expressed outside of awareness (p. 370)

Front 14

hierarchy of needs

Back 14

Maslow's theory that needs are arranged hierarchically, from physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs and esteem needs, through to self-actualisation needs (p. 371)

Front 15

self-actualisation needs

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In Maslow's theory, the needs to express oneself, grow and actualise, or attain one's potential (p. 371)

Front 16

ERG theory

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A theory of worker motivation distinguishing existence, relatedness and growth needs (p. 372)

Front 17

instinct

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A relatively fixed pattern of behaviour that animals produce without learning (p. 372)

Front 18

metabolism

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The processes by which the body transforms food into energy (p. 376)

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absorptive phase

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The phase of metabolism during which a person is ingesting food (p. 376)

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fasting phase

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The second stage of metabolism, when the body converts glucose and fat into energy (p. 377)

Front 21

homoeostasis

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The body's tendency to maintain a relatively constant state that permits cells to live and function (p. 377)

Front 22

set point

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The value of some variable that the body is trying to maintain, such as temperature (pp. 377, 549)

Front 23

feedback mechanisms

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Processes that provide information regarding the state of a homoeostatic system with regard to its set point or steady state (p. 377)

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corrective mechanisms

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processes that restore a homoeostatic system to its set point (p. 378)

Front 25

satiety mechanisms

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Processes that turn off ingestive behaviour (p. 378)

Front 26

obesity

Back 26

A condition characterised by a body weight over 15 percent above the ideal for a person's height and age (pp. 380, 548)

Front 27

organisational effects

Back 27

Effects of hormones that influence the structure of the brain (p. 385)

Front 28

androgen insensitivity syndrome

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A condition in which androgens are secreted in utero, but a genetic defect leads to an absence of androgen receptors, so that a genetic male develops female genitalia (p. 385)

Front 29

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

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A disorder in which the adrenal glands secrete too much androgen, thus masculinising the genitals in females (p. 385)

Front 30

activational effects

Back 30

Effects of hormones activating brain circuitry to produce psychobiological changes (p. 385)

Front 31

sexual orientation

Back 31

The direction of a person's enduring sexual attraction to members of the same sex, the opposite sex or both (p. 386)

Front 32

psychosocial needs

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Personal and interpersonal motives that lead people to strive for such ends as mastery, achievement, power, self-esteem, affiliation and intimacy with other people (p. 388)

Front 33

relatedness

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Interpersonal motives for connectedness with other people; also called communion motives (p. 388)

Front 34

agency

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Motives for achievement, mastery, power, autonomy and other self-oriented goals (p. 388)

Front 35

attachment motivation

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The desire for physical and psychological proximity to an attachment figure (p. 388)

Front 36

intimacy

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A kind of closeness characterised by self-disclosure, warmth and mutual caring (p. 389)

Front 37

affiliation

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Interaction with friends or acquaintances (p. 389)

Front 38

need for achievement

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A motive to do well, to succeed and to avoid failure (p. 389)

Front 39

performance goals

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Motives to achieve at a particular level, usually one that meets a socially defined standard (p. 390)

Front 40

performance-approach goals

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Goals that centre on approaching or attaining a standard (p. 390)

Front 41

performance-avoidance goals

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Goals that centre on avoiding failure, particularly publicly observable failure (p. 390)

Front 42

mastery goals

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Motives to increase one's competence, mastery or skill (p. 390)

Front 43

affect

Back 43

The pattern of observable behaviours that express an individual's emotions (p. 391)

Front 44

moods

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Relatively extended emotional states that do not shift attention or disrupt ongoing activities (p. 391)

Front 45

James–Lange theory

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A theory of emotion that asserts that emotion originates with peripheral arousal, which people then label as an emotional state (p. 392)

Front 46

Cannon–Bard theory

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A theory of emotion that asserts that emotion-inducing stimuli elicit both emotional experience and bodily response (p. 393)

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emotional expression

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The overt behavioural signs of emotion (p. 394)

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display rules

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Patterns of emotional expression that are considered acceptable in a given culture (p. 396)

Front 49

basic emotions

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Feeling states common to the human species from which other feeling states are derived (p. 397)

Front 50

Basic Emotions list

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All theorists list anger, fear, happiness, sadness and disgust. Surprise, contempt, interest, shame, guilt, joy, trust and anticipation are also sometimes included

Front 51

positive affect

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A general category of emotions related to feeling good (p. 397)

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negative affect

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A general category of emotions related to feeling bad (p. 397)

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emotion regulation

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Efforts to control emotional states; also called affect regulation (p. 401)

Front 54

attribution

Back 54

The process of making inferences about the causes of one's own and others’ thoughts, feelings and behaviour (pp. 403, 701)

Front 55

Schacter–Singer theory

Back 55

The theory that asserts that emotion involves cognitive interpretation of general physiological arousal (p. 403)