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56 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Tricuspid Atresia |
Absence of tricuspid prevents blood from entering the R ventricle, decreasing pulmonary blood flow from lungs for oxygen. |
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Tetralogy of Fallot: A Combination of 4 |
1. Pulmonary Stenosis - narrowing of pulmonary artery 2. VSD - Hole in the septum separating the ventricles 3. Overriding Aorta - Aorta shifts to the R over septal defect and receives both venous and oxygenated blood. 4. Right Ventricle Hypertrophy - An enlarged R Ventricle due to heart pumping harder in an attempt to increase blood flow to lungs for oxygenation. |
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Know the immunization schedule for up to 6 mos. What’s the first immunization an infant gets? What group of immunizations can the infant get at 2, 4 and 6 months? |
birth: hep b 1 month: hep b 2 months: RV, dtap, HIB, PCV, IPV 4 months: RV, DTap, HIB, PCV, IPV 6 months: Hep B, RV, DTap, PCU, IPV, influenza |
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What is intussusception and what is/are the serious complications of it? S&S? |
the telescoping of one bowel part into another, caused by hyperactive peristalsis in one bowel and hyperactivity in another. serious complications - bowels blood supply may be blocked causing gangrene and possible bowel rupture. S/S: abdominal pain, passage of currant jelly stool (clear mucus with blood) |
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Gonorrhea |
Bacterial. long term effect, untreated = blindness. S/S: conjunctivitis, burning sensation of urination, yellow/white discharge, painful/swollen testicles, prostatitis. Tx: antibiotics or ointments. Newborns can have blindness, joint infection or sepsis. Long term effects can progress to epididymis |
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Chlamydia |
50% or more have no symptoms. Can experience painful/burning urination, discharge from the genital area. Newborns can get pneumonia and conjunctivitis. Tx: Doxycycline, azithromycin. |
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Syphilis |
STI where lesions appear around the genital area, nipples, around or in the anus, and even cracks around the mouth. Tx: penicillin (for mom), if untreated long term- premature labor and delivery, complications: congenital infections, abnormalities (defects), stillborn. Tx: antibiotics. S/S: rose spots on skin, blisters on soles and palm, sniffles, hoarse cry, cracks, ulcerations around anus, positive blood test. |
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Herpes Simplex Virus: |
Sexually transmitted viral infection. Can appear as pimples/blisters. May cause premature labor, or local infection of eyes, skin, and mucous membrane of the fetus or infant |
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HPV |
genital warts. S/S: itching, dyspareunia, chronic discharge |
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HIV |
may be still born or living. May have guarded prognosis. Tx: antiretroviral meds. without treats: woman can transmit to infant. |
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Bacterial Vaginosis |
gram negative bacteria. S/S: stale fish odor, discharge, thin gray white. TX: metronidazole, ampicillin, tetracycline. |
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Candidiasis |
yeast infection. S/S: itching, burning urination, white cottage cheese discharge. TX:prescription or OTC creams or gels inside disposable applicators used from 1-7 days. |
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Trichomoniasis |
caused by a parasite. S/S: itching, burning, foul smelling, green, yellow, gray, frothy or bubbly. TX: metronidazole, vaginal gels and suppositories. |
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TORCH |
Toxoplasmosis Other diseases Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus more serious infections: that if mom gets will damage fetus |
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What are advantages of and disadvantages of intrauterine device, and how is it placed? |
97%-99% effective, prevents fertilized ovum from implanting. Disadvantages: increased PID, tubal pregnancies, infertility, greatest danger is uterine and cervical perforation. |
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What are the characteristics of SGA baby and what can cause infant to be SGA? |
loose dry skin, poor turgor, sparse or absent hair. Wide skull structure ( inadequate bone growth) muscle and fatty tissue. Weight, length, and head circumference below normal. Causes: diabetes, HTN, poor nutrition, intrauterine infection, substance abuse, cigarette smoking, multiple gestations, placental abnormalities, history of chronic problems |
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What are characteristics of an LGA baby and what can cause infant to be LGA? |
Macrosomia birth weight more than the 90th percentile. often born to mothers with diabetes and causes diabetes |
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What are signs of hypoglycemia in an infant? |
jitteriness, tremors, irritable, seizures, apnea, tachycardia, cyanosis, paleness, high pitched or weak cry, eye rolling, listlessness, eating poorly. |
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Bell's Palsy |
Newborn facial facial nerves are injured, usually from forceps used during deliveries. S/S: one side of the face is affected, eyelids and mouth drop on that side, baby sucking mechanism may be impaired and require special feeding, may need saline irrigation or patching of the eye to retain moisture. Most cases are temporary |
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Brachial Plexus Injury |
Happens from trauma during a difficult delivery, baby unable to elevate the affected arms. S/S: lies limply at the side. |
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Intracranial hemorrhage |
Problem for preterm newborns, caused by difficult delivery, sudden progressing faster than normal labor and deliver, or prolonged labor. S/S: seizures, respiratory distress, cyanosis, a shrill cry and muscle weakness. Vit-K shot given after birth to prevent |
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Fractured Clavicle |
Usually heal without difficulties. S/S: asymmetric Moro's reflex and crying when affected arm is moved. |
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What is talipes? S&S and TX. |
Known as clubfoot S/S: one of both feet turned out of normal position, most common in boys early. Tx: early treatment excellent prognosis: exercise corrective shoes, braces, casts, or surgery. |
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What is developmental dysplasia? Treatment? |
One or both hips may be improperly located in the ball and socket joints; head of femur displaced or acetabulum may develop improperly. If the disorder is on one side, the buttox of the affected side has an additional crease, and the knees are not level. Treatment include a splint on brace or Pavlik harness for 3-6months to maintain hips in an abducted position. If hip is dislocated, they must be repositions. If untreated for several years skeletal traction may be done; if unsuccessful surgical repair is necessary. |
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What reduces the risk of neural tube defects? |
Women who take folic acid (Folate) during pregnancy reduce the risk for neural tube defects. |
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anencephaly |
Part of all of the brain is missing. These newborns live for only a short amount of time, depending on the extent of the deformity. These newborns are almost always mentally retarded. |
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Hydrocephalus |
Excess of CSF in the ventricles and subarachnoid spaces of the brain. Newborns have an enlarged head, or brain damage. May lead to death. Treated by surgically inserting shunts that drain the ventricles. |
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Myelomeningocele |
AKA Spina bifida: A birth defect where there is incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord. This is the most severe form out of 3. S&S Poor ability to walk, problems with bladder/bowel control. Can be prevented if mother takes in folate during pregnancy. Treatment includes surgery after birth, shunt may be inserted to provide continuous drainage for CSF. |
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Down syndrome |
AKA Trisomy 21. Identified at the newborn nursery by physical features; eyes slanted, large tongue that protrudes and a deep crease along the hands. Infants are flaccid. |
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Pyloric Stenosis: |
Congenital anomaly in which an increase in size of musculature at the junction of the stomach and small intestine occurs, causing the pyloric opening to constrict. Food cannot pass through. Infant vomits a milky substance. Vomiting becomes projectile. Baby fusses and is hungry, loses weight and becomes dehydrated. Surgical correction is necessary. |
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Choanal Atresia: |
Nostrils are closed at the entrance to the thoar so air cannot pass through to lungs. Surgery to correct. |
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Phenylketonuria |
PKU). Genetic defect that renders the newborn incapable of metabolizing certain amino acids which spill into the blood and tissues in the form of phenylalanine. No cure. Treatment controlled w/ special diet. |
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Child undergoing surgery; what should nurse do before and after surgery? |
BEFORE: Involve family caregivers as much as possible. Child should have opportunity to tour facility and equipment as well as meet the nurses. AFTER: Prepare the room the child goes into, including emesis basin, iv stand, tissues, BP, drainage equipment, etc. Child returns to the same room & bed if operation is same day. Reorient client to the room. Explain equipment to child, notify caregivers when child returns. Observe & check VS. |
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Impetigo |
A bacterial skin infection caused by streptococcal bacteria. Vesicles on the skin ooze a clear exudate, which develops a golden-yellow crust that causes local discomfort and pruritis. Treatment includes systemic antibiotics, daily bathing with antibacterial soap. |
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Influenza |
The flu – seasonal virus. Includes respiratory difficulties, fatigue, fever, malaise. Treatment is symptomatic. Immunizations/vaccines available to prevent the flu. |
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Rubella |
German measles – a viral infection that is mild and lasts only a short time. Symptoms include facial rash, swelling of lymph nodes. Spreads quickly and diminishes quickly. TX symptomatic. |
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Asthma |
Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways affecting +20 million adults and children. Symptoms occur when triggers or irritants affect the lungs, difficulty breathing, chest tightness and coughing – usually at night. #1 Treatment is prevention. Also includes bronchodilators, steroids, nebulizers, and chest PT. |
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Pertussis |
Whooping cough – highly contagious bacterial respiratory disease occurring most commonly in young child who have not been immunized. Symptoms begin with bronchitis, and slight temp elevation. Cough worsens, leading to vomit or has labored breathing. Treatment includes droplet precautions, and dose of antibiotics. |
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Tetanus |
Lockjaw – highly fatal disease caused by clostridium tetani bacteria. Early symptoms include inability to open/close jaw, difficulty swallowing stiffness in neck and abdomen. Later has convulsive contractions of all voluntary muscles, seizure-like activity, and severe nervous system disorders. Treatment includes the DtaP/DT/TdaP/TD vaccines. Treatment symptomatic. |
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Diphtheria |
Throat inflammation – Starts with sore throat, fever, generalized aching and malaise, followed by a whitish-gray membrane that cannot be removed without bleeding. Treatment includes antibiotics |
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Haemophilus Influenza: |
Serious bacterial infection that may affect many organ systems, caused by pneumonia, meningitis, epiglottitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, cellulitis, otitis media, and septic arthritis. Symptoms initially are flu-like; fever, malaise, respiratory tract problems and secretions. Later worsens with febrile seizures. Treatment is symptomatic. |
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Strep Throat: |
Infection in the throat caused by streptococcal bacteria. Symptoms include elevated temperature that does not go away with antipyretics, and child complaining of “lump” in the throat rather than sore throat, and feeling “sick all over”. Treated with large dose of antibiotics, usually penicillin. |
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Scarlet fever |
Scarlatina. Symptoms include appearance of a generalized flush or redness caused by a sandpaper-like rash of pinpoint like red spots crowded together. Tongue coated with white substance that disappears. Treatment includes child on bedrest until symptoms resolve, administer antibiotic |
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Roseola |
benign disease of infancy. Very high fever lasting a few days, followed by rash on the trunk and then spreading to the neck, face and extremeties when child's temp. drops. One attack seems to confer lifelong immunity. |
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Rheumatic Fever: |
Autoimmune reaction to GABHS. A result from streptococcal infections (ex scarlet fever, strep throat). Symptoms vary – Loss of weight/appetite, fatigue, irritability, aches, joint pain, tenderness to extremeties, & fever. Treatment includes trying to get child to be active, drugs such as acetaminophen, aspirin, cortisone, antibiotics. |
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Hemangioma |
Overgrowth of blood vessel. In the capillary hemangioma is red or purple lesion that usually does not fade. Can be treated with pulse-laser treatment under anesthesia. Long term can cause problems to wherever it is located if in the face can affect the eyes, brains, and heart, in the back can cause spin problems |
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Nevi |
an abnormal skin mark that can be either hereditary or acquired as a result of teratogens. May be a pigmented or vascular. Some are known as “birthmarks” or moles. Some must be kept under supervision because it can develop into malignant melanomas. |
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Mongolian spots |
irregular dark, blue-green areas generally found on the lower back. The shapes has regular edges and are NOT signs of abuse. Most frequently found on Asian, Mediterranean, and African infants. They will go away in about 2-3 years. |
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What is Reye’s Syndrome? |
An acute and potentially fatal childhood disease. In most cases it follows a virus illness or can be related to aspirin use during these illness. Characteristics of the disease include fever, cerebra edema, impaired liver functions, evelecatedc blood ammonia levels and severely impaired LOC. Tx: supportive including osmotic diuretics, sedatives, and barbiturates. Monitor and record the child's respiratory rate. |
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Diaphragmatic Hernia |
a portion of intestines protrudes through the diaphragm. Repaired through immediate surgery. S/S: difficulty breathing, blue discoloration of the skin, tachypnea, tachycardia, diminished or absent breath sounds, bowel sounds in the chest area, less full abdomen. |
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Umbilical Surgery |
portion of the intestines protrudes through a weak umbilical ring, producing a bulge under the umbilical area. Surgery is usually unnecessary because the condition with disappear on its own around 3-4 years of age. S/S: obvious pain in the baby, bulge that is tender, vomiting, swollen, or discoloration. |
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Indirect inguinal hernia: |
most frequent in boys, the intestine protrudes through the round ligaments into the inguinal area and may descent into the scrotal sac. Surgery is required if strangulation occurs. In girls, may involve the ovary or the uterus. Immediate surgery is needed. Presented as a bulge in the groin, immediate surgery is needed. |
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Direct inguinal hernia: |
where the intestines that protrudes through the weakest part of the abdominal wall. SHould the hernia rupture, severe hemorrhage, peritonitis, a generalized septicemia or strangulations of the hernia. Surgery is usually performed early in life. |
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If lactose intolerant, what can you eat and what can you not eat? |
Inability to metabolize milk or milk products. Cannot eat any milk or milk products such as cheese but can replace it with your which has inactive lactase as a source of calcium. |
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What is Hemolytic uremia syndrome (HUS)? What is affected and what can go wrong? |
An acute condition occurring in children usually between the ages of 6 months to 4 years. Three condition of this illness is renal failure hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. HUS is the leading cause of kidney failure in children. Causes are associated with infection of a strain of E.Coli. Presents a flu like illness and gastroenteritis. S/S: nausea. vomiting, abdominal pain, fever and bloody diarrhea. Addicted while with appear pale and hypertensive. |
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If the nurse suspects child abuse: physical, sexual, or mental, What does she need to do? |
You are obligated by law to report it to your supervisor, a physician or the authorities. |
