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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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metabolism
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sum of all chemical reactions in the body
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catabolism
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chemical reaction(s) that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones
exergonic (produces energy) |
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anabolism
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combine simple molecules
endergonic (consumes energy) synthesis example: formation of glycogen from glucose |
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ATP
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adenosine triphosphate
useful form of chemical energy in our bodies combination of adenine group, ribose group, and 3 phosphate groups 1 cell has ~1 billion ATP molecules |
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1st law of thermodynamics
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"conservation of energy"
food comes into our body as chemical energy and is converted inside the body into ATP (another type of chemical energy) |
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macronutrients
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nutrients used to create ATP
glycogen (carbs), triglycerides (fat), & protein |
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3 major carbohydrate energy-producing reactions
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1-glycolysis
2-krebs cycle/citric acid cycle 3-electron transport chain |
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key enzyme in glycolysis
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phosphofructokinase
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regulation of glycolysis (inhibited by..stimulated by..)
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anaerobic
stimulated by increases in ADP, AMP, P, decreased pH (or increased H+ ions) inhibited by: lots of glucose-6-phosphate (1st product), lots of ATP, lots of citrate |
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krebs / citric acid cycle
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oxidizes acetyl coA to produce CO2, ATP, NADH, H+, and FADH2
takes place in the mitochondria requires oxygen, slow rate, high yield of ATP |
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key enzyme in the kreb's cycle
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pyruvate dehydrogenase
converts pyruvic acid to acetyl coA |
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glycolysis characteristics
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rapid rate, low yield of ATP production, oxygen dependent or independent (doesnt require it)
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krebs cycle regulation
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stimulated by: NAD
inhibited by NADH + H+ |
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electron transport chain
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aerobic respiration
net yield: 32 to 34 ATP slow rate occurs in mitochondria |
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glycogenesis
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blood glucose-->glycogen
key enzyme: hexokinase stimulated by: insulin inhibited by: glucagon & epinephrine |
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glycogenolysis
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glycogen-->blood glucose
key enzymes: phosphorylase & phosphatase stimulated by: glucagon & epinephrine inhibited by: insulin |
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gluconeogenesis
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production of glucose from non-glucose precursors (lactic acid, certain amino acids, glycerol)
stimulated by: cortisol & glucagon inhibited by: lots of glucose |
